Lent term

July 25th, 2008

Lent term is the name of the spring term at the University of Cambridge, LSE, Lancaster University and the University of Wales, Lampeter in the United Kingdom. It runs from January to March and thus corresponds to Hilary term at Oxford.


See also

  • Michaelmas term
  • Trinity term
  • Easter term

European LC Championships

July 25th, 2008

European LC Championships are held every two years in late spring/early summer. The LC Championships are one of the premier swimming competitions in Europe and are Long Course (50 metres). They are run by the Ligue Européenne de Natation (LEN) which is Europe’s main swimming body and competitors can take part in a variety of disciplines swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, and waterpolo.


Venues so far

  • European LC Championships 1926 – Budapest
  • European LC Championships 1927 – Bologna
  • European LC Championships 1931 – Paris
  • European LC Championships 1934 – Magdeburg
  • European LC Championships 1938 – London
  • European LC Championships 1947 – Monte Carlo
  • European LC Championships 1950 – Vienna
  • European LC Championships 1954 – Turin
  • European LC Championships 1958 – Budapest
  • European LC Championships 1962 – Leipzig
  • European LC Championships 1966 – Utrecht
  • European LC Championships 1970 – Barcelona
  • European LC Championships 1974 – Amsterdam, Vienna
  • European LC Championships 1977 – Jönköping
  • European LC Championships 1981 – Split
  • European LC Championships 1983 – Rome
  • European LC Championships 1985 – Oslo, Sofia
  • European LC Championships 1987 – Strasbourg
  • European LC Championships 1989 – Bonn
  • European LC Championships 1991 – Athens
  • European LC Championships 1993 – Sheffield
  • European LC Championships 1995 – Vienna
  • European LC Championships 1997 – Seville
  • European LC Championships 1999 – Istanbul
  • European LC Championships 2000 – Helsinki
  • European LC Championships 2002 – Berlin
  • European LC Championships 2004 – Madrid
  • European LC Championships 2006 – Budapest
  • European LC Championships 2008 – Eindhoven


External links

  • Ligue Européenne de Natation - Official Website
  • Swim Rankings results

Vinyl coated polyester

July 24th, 2008

Vinyl Coated polyester is a tough mesh fabric coated with molten vinyl (PVC) making it waterproof with a high resistance to dirt, mildew, oil, salt, chemicals and UV. Great strength. Made of top quality materials, will not tear, stretch, crack, rot or mildew. Can be sewn or heat sealed.

Many fabrics such as this are now imported from Korea, Taiwan and other Asian countries. Products made from this material include portable storage covers, cable reel covers, pallet covers and flexible portable containment devices. One such manufacturer is Carolina CoverTech.

Cell production

July 24th, 2008

This production involves both machines and human workers. In conventional production, products were manufactured in separate areas (each with a responsibility for a different part of the manufacturing process) and many workers would work on their own, as on a production line. In cell production, or cellular manufacturing workers are organized into multi-skilled teams. Each team is responsible for a particular part of the production process including quality control and health and safety. Each cell is made up of several teams who deliver finished items on to the next cell in the production process.
Cell production can lead to efficiency improvements due to increased motivation (team spirit and added responsibility given to cells) and workers sharing their skills and expertise.

The Penguin Cafe Orchestra Mini Album is a short album by Penguin Cafe Orchestra consisting of six pieces, two derived from previous released recordings (”The Penguin Cafe Single” and “Air a Danser”), two that were recorded from a live performance in Tokyo (”Numbers 1-4″ and “Salty Bean Fumble”), and two previously unreleased pieces which had not appeared elsewhere (”The Toy” and “Piano Music”). The two live pieces were recorded by NHK Radio at the Kain Hoken Hall on June 10 1982. “Piano Music” is a solo piece recorded by Simon Jeffes in Tokyo on July 7 1982, and “The Toy” was recorded in 1983. The cover painting was by Emily Young.


Track listing

  1. “The Penguin Cafe Single”
  2. “Air a Danser”
  3. “The Toy”
  4. “Numbers 1-4″
  5. “Salty Bean Fumble”
  6. “Piano Music”

The Kent Applicative Operating System is a functional operating system concept to use dynamic process creation and inter-process communication.

The system is based on earlier work by Will R. Stoye. The system allow dynamic creation of functional processes. Processes are stream processors, functions that transform an ingoing to an outgoing stream. Process scheduling is based on evaluation on demand. Inter-process communication is, by message passing, based on Stoye’s sorting office concept.

The Creation Science Association (CSA) is described on its website as “a non-denominational, independent, non-profit, educational and research corporation whose members are concerned about the widespread false teaching called ‘evolution’”.http://www.csama.org/CSA-INFO.HTM Its members claim the widespread acceptance of this evolution has resulted in physical harm, lawlessness in our society and the deprivation of a relationship with their creator for countless people. The CSA believes that the Bible is the divinely inspired written word of God and is the supreme authority in all matters of faith and conduct.

Though claiming to be a “research corporation”, the CSA has thus far not submitted any articles for publication by a peer reviewed scientific journal.


External links

  • CSA Home Page


References and sources

  • New Scientist 22 April 2000 accessed 29 July 2007 (subscription required; reposted at Skeptictank)
  • Boston Globe 1 May 2005 , accessed 29 July 2007
  • Washington Post 12 August 1999, accessed 29 July 2007
  • MSNBC 8 Nov 2005, accessed 29 July 2007

Styloid process

July 23rd, 2008

In anatomy, a styloid process (from Greek stylos, “pillar”), usually serving as points of attachment for muscles, refers to the slender, pointed process (protrusion) of :

  • temporal bone of the skull - Styloid process (temporal)
  • radius bone of the lower arm - Styloid process (radius)
  • ulna bone of the lower arm - Styloid process (ulna)

“The Styloid Process” is also the title of the literary and visual arts journal at Emory University School of Medicine. It is published online at http://www.students.emory.edu/thestyloidprocess/.

The American Inventors Protection Act (AIPA) is a United States federal law enacted on November 29, 1999 as Public Law 106-113. In 2002, the Intellectual Property and High Technology Technical Amendments Act of 2002, Public Law 107-273, amended AIPA.

AIPA contains significant changes to American Patent Law. AIPA added American Inventor’s Protection Act of 1999

  • An “earlier invention” defense for business method patents - 35 U.S.C. §273;
  • Publication of US patent applications for foreign published applications - 35 U.S.C. §122;
  • Patent term restoration for delays caused by the Patent and Trademark Office - 35 U.S.C. §154; and
  • The Request for Continued Examination (RCE) patent prosecution procedure.
  • Disclosure requirements for Invention promotion firms


See also

  • Patent Reform Act of 2005
  • The American Inventor’s Protection Act: A Legislative History, Wake Forest Intellectual Property Law Journal


References

Alomancy

July 22nd, 2008

Alomancy (from Greek halo, ’salt’, and manteia, divination), also called Adromancy, ydromancie, idromancie, and halomancy, is an ancient form of divination. Similar to many other forms of divination, the diviner casts salt crystals into the air and interprets the patterns as it falls to the ground or travels through the air. The diviner can also interpret patterns formed from the residue of a salt solution as it evaporates in the bowl. The exact interpretations are unknown, but it probably follows a similar method to aleuromancy.

Salt itself is often intertwined with luck and some of this ancient tradition can be seen in the superstitions, such as perceived misfortune when the salt cellar is overturned and the custom of throwing salt over the left shoulder for good luck.

One form of Alomancy consists of the casting of salt into a fire, which is considered a type of Pyromancy.

Michael Walsh

July 22nd, 2008

Michael Walsh is the name of:

  • Michael Walsh (Musician, Bassist in hardcore band ‘The Bears and The Wizard.’
  • Michael Walsh (footballer), English football (soccer) player
  • Michael Walsh (Northern Irish footballer), Northern Irish footballer (soccer) player of Tobermore United
  • Michael Walsh (author, screenwriter), American music critic, author and screenwriter
  • Michael Walsh (Kilkenny hurler), former goalkeeper on the Kilkenny senior hurling team
  • Michael Walsh (Waterford hurler), current captain of the Waterford senior hurling team
  • Michael Walsh (New York) (1810-1859), U.S. Representative from New York

Aquarium furniture

July 22nd, 2008

Aquarium furniture refers to the various ornaments and functional items in an aquarium.

Ornamental aquarium furniture is often kitsch: popular examples include ceramic mermaids, ’sunken’ ships and castles, and the ever-popular (but curiously misplaced) “No Fishing” sign. Another strange piece of decor is the ubiquitous plastic corals found often in freshwater tanks.

Examples of functional aquarium furniture would include devices for removing algae from the glass (either a razor or a scouring pad, attached to the glass by a magnet), airstones, water filters, water heaters, and food dispensers.

Aquarium furniture may also refer to an item of (regular) furniture that features an aquarium in its design. A stand or cabinet that supports the aquarium may be considered aquarium furniture. Also, many home reef aquariums canopies containing metal halide lights. The canopies are often constructed to the same standards as high quality cabinetry


See also

Live rock
coral
Reef tank

Sheraton style

July 21st, 2008

Sheraton is a late 18th century neoclassical English furniture style, in vogue ca 1785 - 1800, that was coined by 19th century collectors and dealers to credit furniture designer Thomas Sheraton, born in Stockton-on-Tees, England in 1751 and whose books, “The Cabinet Dictionary” (1803) of engraved designs and the “Cabinet Maker’s & Upholsterer’s Drawing Book” (1791) of furniture patterns exmeplify this style. The Sheraton style was inspired by the Louis XVI style and features round tapered legs, fluting and most notably contrasting veneer inlays. Sheraton style furniture takes lightweight rectilinear forms, using satinwood, mahogany and tulipwood, sycamore and rosewood for inlaid decorations, though painted finishes and brass fittings are also to be found. Swags, husks, flutings, festoons, and rams’ heads are amongst the common motifs applied to pieces of this style.

Without pedantic archaeology, it brought the Neo-Classical taste of architects like Robert Adam within reach of the middle class. In many respects Sheraton style corresponds with the contemporary directoire style of France. The Sheraton style was the most reproduced style in the United States during the Federal period.

Aquarium furniture

July 20th, 2008

Aquarium furniture refers to the various ornaments and functional items in an aquarium.

Ornamental aquarium furniture is often kitsch: popular examples include ceramic mermaids, ’sunken’ ships and castles, and the ever-popular (but curiously misplaced) “No Fishing” sign. Another strange piece of decor is the ubiquitous plastic corals found often in freshwater tanks.

Examples of functional aquarium furniture would include devices for removing algae from the glass (either a razor or a scouring pad, attached to the glass by a magnet), airstones, water filters, water heaters, and food dispensers.

Aquarium furniture may also refer to an item of (regular) furniture that features an aquarium in its design. A stand or cabinet that supports the aquarium may be considered aquarium furniture. Also, many home reef aquariums canopies containing metal halide lights. The canopies are often constructed to the same standards as high quality cabinetry


See also

Live rock
coral
Reef tank

Schröder

July 19th, 2008

Schröder is a German surname which has been held by many notable people including:

  • Ernst Schröder, German logician and mathematician.
  • Gerhard Schröder (CDU) (1910-1989), German politician
  • Gerhard Schröder (SPD) (b. 1944), former German chancellor
  • Friedrich Schröder (1910-1972), Swiss-German composer
  • Friedrich Ludwig Schröder (1744-1816), German actor
  • Friedrich Wilhelm Karl August Schröder(*) (1841-1902), German mathematician
  • Jaap Schröder, violinist
  • Jan Schröder, musician
  • Rainer M. Schröder, German novelist
  • Richard Schröder (1838 - 1917), German jurist.
  • Rudolf Alexander Schröder (1878 - 1962), German poet
  • Sophie Schröder (1781-1868), German actress
  • Wilfried Schröder, scientist
  • Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient (1804 - 1860), German soprano


See also

  • Schroeder

Casual vacancy

July 19th, 2008

In Australian politics, a casual vacancy is caused when a member of either house (the Senate or the House of Representatives):

  • dies
  • resigns mid-term The term “resign” is not to be confused with “retire”. A resignation is a voluntary decision by a parliamentarian to end their term early, at a time of their own choosing. A retirement is an involuntary act whereby the sitting member chooses to see out their current term but not to contest the next general election, whenever it is held. The choice of the date of that election is not within the control of the member, but of the government., or
  • is expelled from Parliament and their seat declared vacant. There has only ever been one such case, that of Hugh Mahon, who was expelled from the House of Representatives in 1920.

Casual vacancies are handled in different manners depending on the house concerned.


Senate


Casual Senate vacancies in the representation of the States

Section 15 of the Australian Constitution requires the parliament of the state that the senator represented to choose a replacement. In the event that the state parliament is not in session, the Governor of the state (acting on the advice of the relevant Premier) may choose the replacement.

Prior to 1977 it was an established convention, but not a constitutional requirement, that the state parliament choose a replacement from the same political party as their predecessor. It had also been the practice for the relevant party to provide a list of suitable names to the state premier, and for the state parliament to make the choice. In 1975, both these conventions were breached, and in the former case, twice.

In early February 1975, Lionel Murphy (Australian Labor Party, New South Wales) resigned from the Senate to take up an appointment as a judge of the High Court. On 27 February, the NSW Liberal Premier Tom Lewis appointed Cleaver Bunton, a former long-serving Mayor of Albury, who was not affiliated with any political party. Bunton sat as an independent senator.

On 30 June 1975, the Queensland Labor Senator Bertie Milliner died suddenly. The Labor Party gave only one replacement name to the Country Party Queensland Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen - that of Mal Colston. However, on 3 September, on Bjelke-Petersen’s instigation, the Parliament of Queensland appointed Albert Field to the vacancy. Although he had been a member of the Labor Party for 30 years, Field was now only nominally a member of the party and was openly critical of the Labor government of Gough Whitlam. He was expelled from the party as a result of accepting the appointment. Field took his seat in the Senate, but the Labor Party challenged his appointment in the High Court due to doubts as to his eligibility, and he was on leave from the Senate from 1 October for the remainder of his short-lived term “The Field Affair”.

In 1977, the Constitution was changed by referendum to require future Senate casual vacancies to be filled by a member of the same party as the senator vacating the seat.


Casual Senate vacancies in the representation of the Territories

Currently, when a Senate seat representing the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) or the Northern Territory (NT) becomes vacant, the replacement senator is chosen by the relevant territory legislature, under s.44 of the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 [1]. This occurred for the first time on 18 February 2003, when Gary Humphries was chosen by the ACT Legislative Assembly to replace Margaret Reid, who had resigned from the Senate on 14 February p. 8815.

Previously, territory casual Senate vacancies were handled in a different way and were the subject of a different law: s.9 of the Senate (Representation of Territories) Act 1973, as amended by the Senate (Representation of Territories) Amendment Act 1980. Under this provision, the replacement senator was elected by a joint sitting of both houses of the Federal Parliament. This only ever occurred twice:

  • when Margaret Reid was elected on 5 May 1981 to replace the deceased ACT Senator John Knight [2]
  • when Bob McMullan was elected on 16 February 1988 to replace former ACT Senator Susan Ryan, who had resigned. Rules for Joint Sittings: footnote, p.3, [3]

This provision would still be used to fill a casual vacancy in the representation of any external territory (in the event that such a territory ever gains representation).


House of Representatives

Casual vacancies in the House of Representatives are filled by by-election. The government chooses the date of the by-election, and advises the Speaker to issue the appropriate writ.

When a general election is expected within a relatively short time, it has often been the practice not to hold a by-election. This has been justified on the grounds that: (a) the electors of the seat in question should not be burdened with voting twice within a short period of time, when their views are hardly likely to change significantly in that time; and (b) the cost of holding a by-election is high, and it is ultimately the taxpayers who bear this.


Notes

The Deputy President of South Africa acts as President of South Africa when the President is outside the country’s borders, unable to fulfill the duties of the office, or when the Presidency is vacant. The Deputy President is also a member of the National Assembly and the Cabinet. The Deputy President is constitutionally required to ‘assist the President in the execution of the functions of government,’ and may be assigned any government portfolio by presidential proclamation. The current Deputy President of South Africa is Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka. She is the first woman to hold the office or an equivalent one in the current Republic of South Africa or any of its previous carnations.


Inception and expiry of term

The Deputy President’s term of office is not fixed by law. The Deputy President’s term begins when he or she is appointed by the President from amongst members of the National Assembly and takes a prescribed oath.

The Deputy President’s term is ended by one of four constitutional mechanisms: dismissal by the President, a successful ‘motion of no confidence in the President’ by the National Assembly, a successful ‘motion of no confidence excluding the President’ by the National Assembly, or a newly-elected President’s assumption of office. Presumably, a statement of resignation would also be sufficient to end a Deputy President’s term of office.


List of Deputy Presidents of South Africa, 1994–present

  • Mr F.W. de Klerk and Mr Thabo Mbeki jointly: 1994–1996
  • Mr Thabo Mbeki: 1996–1999
  • Mr Jacob Zuma: 1999–2005
  • Mrs Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka: 2005–


See also

  • President of South Africa
  • Vice State President of South Africa

Heavy String

July 16th, 2008

Heavy String production is a type of hip-hop beat making strategy featuring original composition, live strings or keys, live drums, live bass lines, and minimal use of samples. Heavy String production is recorded live using studio instruments such as the Akai MPC (Music Production Center for drums), the Roland Fantom-X, Yamaha Motif, or Korg Triton (studio keyboards and pianos for keys/strings), and the Korg MS-2000 or Minimoog (studio bass synthesizers for bass lines).

Rigatoni

July 16th, 2008

Rigatoni is a form of tube-shaped pasta. It is larger than penne and ziti. Rigatoni is usually ridged and the tube’s end does not terminate at an angle, like penne’s does.

Rigatoni can be coupled with many different sauces, from creamy to chunky. Consequently, rigatoni is a popular choice for restaurants which choose to stock only one tube-shaped pasta noodle. The tube may be stuffed with cheese or other soft foods.

The word rigatoni comes from the Italian past participle of rigare, which means “to draw a line” (American Heritage Dictionary).


References

  • Pasta shapes
  • American Heritage Dictionary definition

Broma process

July 16th, 2008

The Broma process is a method used to remove cocoa butter from cacao beans. In about 1865 Domingo Ghirardelli discovered that by hanging a bag of ground cacao beans in a warm room, the cocoa butter would drip off, leaving behind a residue that can then be converted into ground cocoa. This technique is now a common method for the production of cocoa and chocolate in the United States.

More cocoa butter is extracted by using the Broma process than using a hydraulic press, making it easier to dissolve into liquids. Broma process cocoa also has a more intense taste than Dutch process cocoa, as no alkalis are added to the cocoa.

Source: http://www.ghirardelli.com/about/history.aspx

Sezai Karakoç

July 15th, 2008

Sezai Karakoc (b. 1933) is a Turkish poet. He graduated from the Faculty of Political Science at Ankara University and worked in the finance sector for many years. He is one of the pioneers of Turkish literature who aims at bridging traditional Islamic beliefs and modern poetic techniques.

He sees three essential elements for a poet. These three elements he calls Peer Gynt’s triangle, according to Karakoc, exists in Henrik Ibsen’s play, Peer Gynt. These three elements are: Poet must be himself. To be himself a poet must transform. Second element: a poet must be self content. Poet must love his art while being transformed by it. Thirdly, to be self-content, one must feel joy. This joy comes not from living but from letting live.


Bibliography

  • Korfez (Gulf/1959)
  • Sesler (Voices/1968)
  • Zamana Adanmis Sozler (Words Dedicated to Time/1970)
  • Ayinler (Religious Services/1977)


References

Paralympic table tennis

July 15th, 2008

Table Tennis in the Paralympics follow the rules set by the International Table Tennis Federation although there are slight modifications for wheelchair athletes. Athletes from all disability groups can take part. Athletes receive classifications between 1-10. Class 1-5 are for those with in wheelchairs and class 6-10 for those who have disabilities that allow them to play standing. Within those groups the higher classification means the more function the athlete has. The only rule difference that occurs is the serve must cross the back of the table before it crosses the sides of the table.

Palliser Furniture

July 14th, 2008

Palliser Furniture Ltd. was established in 1944. Abram Albert DeFehr, a Russian born immigrant to Canada, began making simple wooden pieces in the basement of his Winnipeg home. Palliser’s first furniture factory began a few years later in an old chicken barn.

Today, Palliser is one of Canada’s leading home furniture manufacturers. It employs over 2000 people and has manufacturing facilities in Canada, US, Mexico, and outsources some manufacturing to Thailand and China.

It is headquartered in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

Recently Palliser Furniture has been split into several smaller companies, each specializing in one sector of the furniture industry due to market demands and in-family corporate restructuring. These fractions are owned primarily by the grandchildren of A.A. DeFehr. Palliser Furniture (and its subsidiary companies) is owned primarily by Art DeFehr.

[1] Palliser website

Platinum Hits 2000

July 13th, 2008

Platinum Hits 2000 is a 2000 popular music compilation album, released by Columbia Records, and contains all 17 tracks.


Track listing

  1. Say My Name (Maurice’s 2000 Bass Mix) - Destiny’s Child
  2. Maria (Spanglish Radio Edit) - Ricky Martin
  3. Doo Wop (That Thing) (Radio Edit) - Lauryn Hill
  4. Freakin’ It - Will Smith
  5. You Sang To Me (Radio Edit) (Remix) - Marc Anthony
  6. Fortunate (The Naked Uncut Remix) - Maxwell
  7. I Wanna Love You Forever (Soul Solution Radio Edit) - Jessica Simpson
  8. Crash and Burn (Radio Edit) - Savage Garden
  9. Bring It All to Me (Main Version) - Blaque
  10. Bounce With Me - Lil’ Bow Wow
  11. Let’s Get Married - Jagged Edge
  12. Shackles (Praise You) - Mary Mary
  13. Don’t Call Me Baby (Original Mix) - Madison Avenue
  14. A Pura Dolor (Version Balada) - Son By 4
  15. Lullaby - Shawn Mullins
  16. I Think God Can Explain - Splender
  17. Don’t Give Up (Original Radio Edit) - Chicane (feat. Bryan Adams)

Aino Aalto

July 13th, 2008

Aino Aalto (born Aino Marsio; 1894-1949) was a Finnish architect and designer. She married Alvar Aalto in 1924 and with him designed furniture. In 1935 they founded Artek, a firm selling lighting fixtures and furniture.

Aino Aalto also designed several glassware objects for Iittala. Her most famous glass design is still on sale, and slightly different copies made by companies such as IKEA are widespread. She also collaborated with her husband Alvar on the design of the celebrated Savoy Vase in 1936.

Wright’s Opera House

July 10th, 2008

Wright’s Opera House, sometimes referred to as Wright’s Hall, was constructed in 1888 and is located on Main Street in Ouray, Colorado. For many years after the mining bust and subsequent end of performances it was used as a mulit-use building for presentations and community events. Around the year 2000 it was converted into a movie theater which operated until late 2006. Currently it sits empty, awaiting a buyer.

This structure has been placed on the United States National Register of Historic Places.


External links

  • Ouray Historical Society

The Wildcat Cafe

July 10th, 2008

The Wildcat Cafe is a popular summer restaurant in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. It is a vintage log cabin structure and represents the mining camp style of early year Yellowknife. The structure is a City of Yellowknife Heritage Building, designated in 1992. The cafe first opened in 1937 by owners Willie Wylie and Smokey Stout. Subsequent owners were Carl Jensen and Mah Gow, Yellowknife’s first recorded Chinese resident. The cafe closed in 1951 when business dropped off considerably, likely due to the expansion of businesses in the new sections of town. The building was saved from demolition in the late 1950s when a small group of Yellowknifers fought to have it protected as some kind of museum. It was renovated in the mid 1970s and reopened as a functional restaurant in 1979. The Old Stope Association, a non-profit heritage society, has been responsible for its operation since the 1970s.

It is one of Yellowknife’s best tourist attractions.

Saint Lucia Jazz Festival

July 10th, 2008

The St. Lucia Jazz Festival is an annual internationally-known event which takes place on the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia. The Event brings together international as well as local musicians. The Jazz Festival not only features jazz music but also R&B and calypso. The event has attracted such artists as Herbie Hancock, Courtney Pine, Ocacia,Branford Marsalis, En Vogue, George Benson, Santana, Ladysmith Black Mambazo, The Isley Brothers, UB40, Mary J. Blige, Lauryn Hill, Luther Vandross, Smokey Robinson, American Idol winner Fantasia Barrino and Malcolm-Jamal Warner.


History

The first St. Lucia Jazz Festival was held in 1991 as an initiative to extend the tourist season in Saint Lucia into May which had previously been a relatively quiet period.

Originally 4 locations were used; however today the festival has expanded and several locations around the island are used to host performances (see list below).

At first, the festival attendances were small. But as the years passed, word spread helped by coverage on the BET J television network, and it is now a well-established fixture on the Jazz festival calendar.

Over the past few years the Saint Lucia Jazz Festival has developed a reputation for the quality of the artistes it attracts and now ranks #1 on the list on the E! entertainment top 5 Festivals in the world.

In 2001 the St Lucia Jazz Festival celebrated its 10th anniversary which was a rare achievement as several other Jazz festivals established in the Caribbean region had failed.


Locations

Venues used to host performances include Pigeon Point National Reserve, Derek Walcott Square in central Castries (”Jazz on the Square”), The Great House, Fond D’or Estate, Vieux Fort Square, Rudy John Beach Park, Balenbouche, Soufrière Waterfront, La Place Carenage, Mindoo Phillip Park, Royal St. Lucian Hotel, Rodney Bay Marina and Gaiety on Rodney Bay.


External link

  • Official Site of the St.Lucia Jazz Festival,

Michael Johnson

July 9th, 2008

Michael Johnson or Mike Johnson may refer to:

  • Michael Johnson (singer) (born 1944)
  • Mike Johnson (guitarist) (born 1952)
  • Mike Johnson (bassist) (born 1965)
  • Michael Johnson (athlete) (born 1967), multiple Olympic and World Championship winner
  • Michael Johnson (politician) (born 1970)
  • Michael Johnson (footballer born 1973)
  • Mike Johnson (ice hockey) (born 1974)
  • Mike Johnson (baseball) (born 1975)
  • Michael Johnson (drummer) (born 1982)
  • Michael Johnson (Australian rules footballer) (born 1984)
  • Michael Johnson (footballer born 1988)
  • Mike Johnson (American football), former NFL player for the Cleveland Browns
  • Mike Johnson (animator), co-director of Corpse Bride
  • Mike Johnson (technologist)
  • Mike Johnson (paralympic athlete)
  • Mike Johnson (The Real World)
  • Michael Johnson (bowls)
  • Michael Johnson (ODNI)

Michael Johnson may also be used for:

  • Crispus Attucks, a sailor who used the alias Michael Johnson

Merlin Holland

July 9th, 2008

Merlin Holland (born 1945, London) is a biographer and editor. He is the son of the author Vyvyan Holland and his second wife, the former Thelma Besant, and the only grandson of Oscar Wilde.

He has studied and researched Wilde’s life for the last twenty years. He is the co-editor of The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde, and the editor of Irish Peacock and Scarlet Marquess, the first uncensored publication of his grandfather’s 1895 trials. Holland is also the author of The Real Trial of Oscar Wilde, a study of the Wilde-Queensberry scandal.

Holland has also written “The Wilde Album”, a book about how the scandal caused by Wilde’s trials affected his family, most notably his wife, Constance, and their children, Cyril and Vyvyan. In 2006, his book Oscar Wilde: A Life in Letters was published, and his forthcoming volume Coffee with Oscar Wilde is to be released in autumn 2007.

His son, Lucian Holland, is the only great-grandchild of Oscar Wilde. Merlin Holland lives in Saint Martin sur Montague in Burgundy, France with his partner Emma. Lucian lives in Oxford, England and despite having studied classics at Magdalen College, is a computer programmer. Both were present at the unveiling of a statue commemorating their famous ancestor. Lucian was given rooms in Magdalen College which Wilde had once occupied.


References

  • Holland, Vyvyan: Son of Oscar Wilde. Revised Edition. Merlin Holland, Ed. London, Carroll & Graf, 1999

Edit (MS-DOS)

July 9th, 2008

edit, also known as MS-DOS Editor, is a text editor which comes with MS-DOS (since version 5) and Microsoft Windows. Originally (up to MS-DOS 6.22) it was just a short stub that started QBasic in editor mode. Since DOS 7 (Windows 95) QBasic was removed and the MS-DOS Editor became a standalone program. Although it kept the COM file extension for compatibility, it is actually an EXE.

edit.com is sometimes used as a substitute for Notepad on Windows 9x, where Notepad is limited to small files only. edit.com can edit files that are up to 65,279 lines and up to approximately 5MB in size (MS-DOS versions are limited to approximately 300–400KB, depending on how much conventional memory is free). edit can be launched by typing it into the RUN box on Windows, and by typing edit into the command line interface (usually cmd.exe).


Features

  • Can edit up to 9 files at a time (Windows 9x versions only, DOS versions are limited to a single file at a time). The screen can be split vertically into 2 windows, each of which can display a different file.
  • Customizable color scheme
  • Files can be opened in “binary mode”, where a fixed number of characters are displayed per line, and newlines are treated as any other character.
  • UNIX newlines are converted to DOS newlines.
  • text user interface
  • Mouse support

Some of these features were added only in 1995 (version 2.0), with the release of Windows 95.


Limitations

  • Outside of binary mode, tabs get converted to spaces, and UNIX newlines are converted to DOS newlines.
  • Does not support Unicode.
  • DOS versions (for MS-DOS 6.22 and older) lack proper support for binary files, multiple files and are limited to using only the first 640KB of RAM, like any other MS-DOS real mode program.
  • Does not directly support USB printers, this can be fixed by adding it as a network printer though.


See also

  • List of DOS commands

Quantum field theory in curved spacetimes is an extension of standard quantum field theory to curved spacetimes. A general prediction of this theory is that particles can be created in strong gravitational fields.

Thanks to the equivalence principle the quantization procedure closely resembles that of Minkowski spacetime once the proper formalism is chosen; however, interesting new phenomena occur. In general, on curved spacetimes quantum fields lose their interpretation as particles. Only in certain situations, such as in asymptotically flat spacetimes, can the notion of particle be recovered. Even then, the particle interpretation depends on the observer (ie, different observers may measure different numbers of particles on a given spacetime). The prediction that gravitational fields can create particles is partly due to this ambiguity.

Probably the most striking application of the theory of quantum fields in curved spacetime is Hawking’s prediction that black holes radiate with a thermal spectrum. A related prediction is the Unruh effect: accelerated observers in the vacuum measure a thermal bath of particles.

This formalism is also used to predict the primordial density perturbation spectrum arising from cosmic inflation. Since this spectrum is measured by a variety of cosmological measurements — such as the CMB — if inflation is correct this particular prediction of the theory has already been verified.

The theory of quantum field theory in curved spacetime can be considered as a first approximation of the inaccessible theory of quantum gravity. A second step towards that theory would be semiclassical gravity, which would include the influence of particles created by a strong gravitational field on the spacetime (which is still considered classical).


Suggested reading

  • R.M. Wald. Quantum field theory in curved space-time and black hole thermodynamics. Chicago U. (1995).
  • S.A. Fulling. Aspects of quantum field theory in curved space-time. CUP (1989).
  • N.D. Birrell & P.C.W. Davies. Quantum fields in curved space. CUP (1982).
  • L. H. Ford Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime (1997).

Production team (China)

July 8th, 2008

A production team (Chinese:生産隊; pinyin:shēng chǎn duì) was formerly the basic accounting and farm production unit in the people’s commune system in People’s Republic of China from 1958 to 1984. Production teams were largely disbanded during the agricultural reforms of 1982-1985. In the administrative hierarchy, the team was the lowest level, the next higher levels being the production brigade and people’s commune. Typically the team owned most of the land and was responsible for income distribution. Since 1984 production teams have been replaced by Village groups.

The Movement for National Reform (Arabic: el-Islah) is a moderate Islamist political party in Algeria. It received 9.5% of the vote in the 2002 elections and received 43 members of parliament.

The party was created as a breakout faction from the Ennahda movement, after that party opted for cooperation with Algeria’s government. Party leader Abdallah Djaballah then left to found and lead the more radically oppositional el-Islah.

At the 2007 elections, the party was badly defeated. It received only 3 seats.

Steaming

July 8th, 2008

Steaming is a method of cooking using steam.

Steaming is a preferred cooking method for health conscious individuals because no cooking oil is needed, thus resulting in a lower fat content. Steaming also results in a more nutritious food than boiling because fewer nutrients are destroyed or leached away into the water (which is usually discarded). It is also easier to avoid burning food when steaming.

Steaming works by first boiling water, causing it to evaporate into steam; the steam then carries heat to the food, thus cooking the food.

In western cooking, steaming is most often used to cook vegetables, and only rarely to cook meats. By contrast, vegetables are seldom steamed in Chinese cuisine; vegetables are mostly stir fried or blanched instead.

In Chinese cooking, steaming is used to cook many meat dishes, for example, steamed whole fish, steamed pork spare ribs, steamed ground pork or beef patties, steamed chicken, steamed goose etc.
Other than meat dishes, many Chinese rice and wheat foods are steamed too. Examples include buns, Chinese steamed cakes etc. Steamed meat dishes (except some dim sum) are less common in Chinese restaurants than in traditional home cooking because meats usually require longer cooking time to steam than to stir fry.


See also

  • Double steaming
  • Cooking
  • Braising

The American Inventors Protection Act (AIPA) is a United States federal law enacted on November 29, 1999 as Public Law 106-113. In 2002, the Intellectual Property and High Technology Technical Amendments Act of 2002, Public Law 107-273, amended AIPA.

AIPA contains significant changes to American Patent Law. AIPA added American Inventor’s Protection Act of 1999

  • An “earlier invention” defense for business method patents - 35 U.S.C. §273;
  • Publication of US patent applications for foreign published applications - 35 U.S.C. §122;
  • Patent term restoration for delays caused by the Patent and Trademark Office - 35 U.S.C. §154; and
  • The Request for Continued Examination (RCE) patent prosecution procedure.
  • Disclosure requirements for Invention promotion firms


See also

  • Patent Reform Act of 2005
  • The American Inventor’s Protection Act: A Legislative History, Wake Forest Intellectual Property Law Journal


References

1 E-23 m

July 8th, 2008

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10-23 m and 10-22 m (10 ym and 100 ym).

Distances shorter than 10 ym

  • 10 ym till 100 yoctometres range

Distances longer than 100 ym


See also

  • Yoctometre
  • Orders of magnitude (length)


References

  • http://www.webelements.com

Mundus furniture

July 7th, 2008

Mundus was the name of a furniture-manufacturing company, active (at least) in several places in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, at the end of the 19th century and early 20th century.

Factories seem to have existed in multiple locations, as the products carry diverse labels, such as “Budapest”, “Borlova”, “Czechoslovakia”, etc. Some of the furniture was co-signed with “Jacob and Josef Kohn”.

In 1914 Mundus merged with J. & J. Kohn, and in 1922 with Gebrüder Thonet.


External links

  • The story of bentwood
  • A history of J&J Kohn

Visquine

July 6th, 2008

Visquine is a brand of plastic sheeting, commonly between 4 and 10 mils (0.1 to 0.25 mm) thick, used as a temporary tarpaulin. It is commonly used to cover concrete as it sets, as a drop cloth when painting, to line decorative ponds, and to cover the ground before applying stone or wood chips to prevent weed growth. Large (100′ x 20′) sheets of visquine are also used during flood fights to protect levees from wave wash erosion.

Rickman Motorcycles

July 6th, 2008

Rickman Motorcycles was established by Don and Derek Rickman and manufactured motorcycles from 1960 through to 1975. Initially the frame designs were for scrambles, and then for road racing. Later, in 1966, road bikes were produced as well. The first street legal bike used a Triumph Bonneville engine.
Rickman initially supplied frame kits, as none of the major British motorcycle manufacturers would sell engines to them. The frame kits were built for many engines, including Triumph twins, BSA singles and Matchless.

After the Royal Enfield factory closed, a little over 200 Series II Interceptor engines were stranded at the dock in 1970, originally on their way to Floyd Clymer (of Clymer auto manuals and Enfield “Indians” fame) in the United States, but unfortunately he had just died, and his export agents, Mitchell’s of Birmingham, were left to dispose of them. They approached the Rickman brothers for frames, and as the Rickman brothers’ main problem had always been engine supply, a limited run of Rickman Interceptors were built.

In about 1971, Rickman began producing complete motorcycles in 2 displacements, 125 and 250cc. The 125’s had German Zundapp engines, while the 250’s featured Spanish Montesa powerplants. Many of these little Motocross bikes were produced from 1971 to 1975, most being shipped to America.

Rickmans were known for their beautiful fiberglass work and nickel-plated frames.

In 1974, Rickman was awarded the “Queen’s Award to Industry” for their export business, but it was the same year NVT collapsed. The Rickman brothers turned their attention to larger Japanese motorcycle engines, and produced a Rickman Honda 750. A Rickman Kawasaki Z1/Z900, Rickman Honda Bol D’Or 900 and Rickman Suzuki GS1000 followed.

Rickman frames are often referred to as “Metisse” frames, a term used for their own first effort. The Rickmans had a sense of humour. Google translates the word politely as “mongrel”.

The company stopped producing complete motorcycles in 1975, continuing to produce chassis kits and accessories. In 1984 the Rickmans licensed production of their frames to MRD Metisse. Chassis kits are currently being produced by Metisse Motorcycles Ltd.

Capital deepening

July 6th, 2008

Capital deepening is a term used in economics to describe an economy where capital per worker is increasing. It is an increase in the capital intensity. Capital deepening is often measured by the capital stock per labour hour. Overall, the economy will expand, and productivity per worker will increase. However, economic expansion will not continue indefinitely through capital deepening alone. This is partly due to diminishing returns and wear & tear.

Capital widening is a term used to describe the situation where capital stock is increasing at the same rate as the labour force, thus capital per worker remains constant. The economy will expand in terms of aggregate output, but productivity per worker will remain constant.

Czech passport

July 6th, 2008

The Czech passport () is issued to Czech citizens at any age, and is the primary document of international travel issued by the Czech Republic. It should be noted that the občanský průkaz can now be used to travel within the European Union. Children can be included in the passport.

The passport is issued by the Ministry of Interior (Ministerstvo Vnitra), and like most passports remains property of the Czech Republic and can be withdrawn at any time. It is a valid proof of citizenship document according to the Czech nationality law. Citizens can have multiple passports at the same time.


Physical Appearance

Czech passports are burgundy, with the Czech coat of arms emblazoned in the centre of the front cover. The words “EVROPSKÁ UNIE” (English: European Union) and “ČESKÁ REPUBLIKA” (English: Czech Republic) are inscribed above the coat of arms and the words “CESTOVNÍ PAS” (English: Passport) are inscribed below the coat of arms. Czech passports adhere to the common EU design.


Identity Information Page

The passport includes the following data:

  • Photo of Passport Holder
  • Type (P)
  • Code (CZE)
  • Passport No.
  • 01 Surname
  • 02 Given Names
  • 03 Nationality
  • 04 Date of Birth
  • 05 Place of Birth
  • 06 Sex
  • 07 Date of Issue
  • 08 Date of Expiry
  • 09 Authority
  • 10 Holders Signature
  • 11 Personal No.

The lower area of the information page contains the Machine Readable Zone.


Languages

The information page is printed in Czech, English and French, yet is followed a few pages later with translations to other languages, including all official EU languages.

Cool Jerk

July 5th, 2008

Cool Jerk is a popular song written by Donald Storball and originally performed by The Capitols. Released in 1966, it reached the number two position on the American R&B chart and number seven on the pop chart. The backing track for this song was actually recorded (secretly) by Motown’s house band The Funk Brothers. The Go-Gos, Todd Rundgren, and The Creation (band) have covered the song. Todd Rundgren did his version in an odd time signature (7/4), giving an obviously jerky feel to the song. A popular cover was also performed by Uncle Frank in the movie Home Alone 2.

T30 Heavy Tank

July 5th, 2008

The Heavy Tank T30 was an American tank project developed to counter new German tanks. The T30 was designed at same time as the Heavy Tank T29.
Pilot models were started in April 1945 and were delivered in 1947.
The 155 mm fired 2 piece (shell and charge) ammunition. The loader was helped by a powered rammer.

Deal Casino

July 5th, 2008

The Deal Casino is a recreational area located on the Atlantic Ocean shore of Deal, New Jersey.

Although the facility is called a “casino,” there is no gambling on the premises.

It features swimming pools, beach and snack bar.

Behind the main gate, the complex opens on a large saltwater swimming pool. The 50 m pool is one of the largest in the state of New Jersey and is filled directly from the ocean via large pipes. Comfortable lounge and chaise chairs are located around the entire pool. To the north and south of the pool extend rows of lockers. To the east of the swimming pool along the sand stands a row of metal cabanas. Each cabana (known as a beachhouse) has a wooden plank deck with a canvas roof, under which is a changing area and shower. The cabanas have space to accommodate 2 large wooden lounge chairs on their decking with unobstructed views of the Atlantic.

Free price system

July 5th, 2008

A free price system or free price mechanism (informally called the price system or the price mechanism) is an economic system where prices are set by the interchange of supply and demand, with the resulting prices being understood as signals that are communicated between producers and consumers which serve to guide the production and distribution of resources. Through the free price system, supplies are rationed, income is distributed, and resources are allocated. A free price system contrasts with a controlled or fixed price system where prices are set by government, within a controlled market or planned economy.


Mechanics of a free price system

Rather than prices being set by the state, as in a command economy with a fixed price system, prices are determined in a decentralized fashion by trades that occur as a result of sellers’ asking prices matching buyers’ bid prices as a result of subjective value judgement in a market economy like ebay. Since resources of consumers are limited at any given time, consumers are relegated to satisfying wants in a descending hierarchy and bidding prices relative to the urgency of a variety of wants. This information on relative values is communicated, through price signals, to producers whose resources are also limited. In turn, relative prices for the productive services are established. The interchange of these two sets of prices establish market value, and serve to guide the rationing of resources, distributing income, and allocating resources.

Those goods which command the highest prices (when summed among all individuals) provide an incentive for businesses to provide these goods in a corresponding descending hierarchy of priority. However, the ordering of this hierarchy of wants is not constant. Consumer preferences change. When consumer preferences for a good change, then bidding pressure raises the price for a particular good as it that moves to a higher position in the hierarchy. As a result of higher prices for this good, more productive forces are applied to satisfying the demand driven by the opportunity for higher profits in satisfying this new consumer preference. In other words, the high price sends a price signal to producers. This causes producers to increase supply, either by the same firms increasing production or new businesses coming in to the market, which eventually lowers the price and the profit incentive to increase supplies. Hence, the now lower price provides a price signal to producers to decrease production and, as a result, a surplus is prevented. Since resources are scarce (including labor and capital), supplies of other goods will be diminished as the productive resources are taken from other areas of production to be applied toward increasing output of the good who has risen in the hierarchy of consumer preferences. Also, as resources become more scarce the price increases, which signals to consumers to reduce consumption thereby ensuring that the quantity demanded does not exceed the quality supplied. It is in this way that the free price system persuades consumers to ration dwindling resources. Hence, supply and demand affects price while at the same time, price affects supply and demand. If prices remain high because increases in supply cannot keep pace with demand, then this also signals other business to provide substitute goods in order to take advantage of profit opportunities.

Individual employments and incomes are also guided by the price system. Employment will move toward those goods and services that consumers value and away from those with declining importance to consumers as a result of changes in prices.


References

  • Martin, Leonard W. Free Enterprise - Why?, The Freeman, The Foundation for Economic Education, June 1958.
  • Hazlitt, Henry. How the Price System Works


See also

  • Invisible hand
  • Spontaneous order
  • Self organization
  • Market economy
  • Capitalism
  • Free market

Borussia-Park

July 4th, 2008

Borussia-Park in Mönchengladbach is the home stadium of German football Bundesliga team Borussia Mönchengladbach. It replaced the smaller Bökelberg stadium, which no longer satisfied modern safety standards and international requirements, in July 2004.

Borussia-Park has a capacity of up to 54,067, of which 16,145 are standing-room only due to popular demand. For international games, the standing room is converted into temporary seating for a total seating capacity of 46,249.

The new stadium features amenities such as VIP lounges, fanshop, bar and museum, and cost 85 million euro to construct.

Despite its large capacity and relative youth, the stadium missed out on holding matches during the 2006 World Cup, which Germany hosted. It was the largest capacity Bundesliga stadium to do so.


External links

  • Borussia-Park Stadium Official Web Site
  • WorldStadiums.com entry
  • Borussia Mönchengladbach Official Web Site
  • Official Stadium Website :: Photos

Stahlhelm-Fraktion

July 4th, 2008

Stahlhelm-Fraktion or Steel Helmet-Faction is a German term often used to describe the hard-line or right-wing faction of a political party, most notably the German CDU. The term comes from the hawkish, i.e. pro-military positions often taken by such groups. The term is named after the Stahlhelm, the steel helmet historically used by German soldiers.

The Director’s Guild of Great Britain represents directors in all media: film, television, theatre, radio, opera, commercials, corporate, multimedia and new technology. The Guild is based in Central London.


External links

  • Director’s Guild of Great Britain website

London Camera Exchange

July 2nd, 2008

London Camera Exchange is the name of a chain of photography shops operating in England. The target market for the chain is “Prosumer”. Items sold include new and used cameras, both digital and film, accessories for these cameras, and photo printing services. The name of the chain is often shortened to “LCE”. LCE stores also sell a large range of optical equipment particularly specialising in binoculars and spotting scopes. The head office of London Camera Exchange is located in Winchester, Hampshire. The chain currently consists of 30 shops nationwide including shops in Manchester, Southampton, Royal Leamington Spa and Colchester.


External links

  • Official Website