Furniture

Ridgeville is a village within the town of Pelham, Ontario in Canada. It borders the western limit of the area known as Fonthill. It derives its name from its location on the south western ridge of the Fonthill Kame. It has a post office, a rural mail route named Ridgeville, a small number of shops found along Canboro Road, including a bakery, chocolate shop and specialty ‘home and bath’ shops, the local high school and the popular Gwennol Organic Blueberry Farm. There is also a tea room called the Berry Patch Tea Room.

A Grand Illumination is an outdoor ceremony involving the simultaneous activation of lights. The most common form of the ceremony involves turning on Christmas lights.

One of the older of such community events began in the restored Virginia capital city of Williamsburg in 1935, and is held there each year on the Sunday of the first full weekend in December. (That is, if December begins on a Sunday, the event is held the following Sunday.) Williamsburg’s Grand Illumination, which also involves fireworks, is based loosely on the colonial (and English) tradition of placing lighted candles in the windows of homes and public buildings to celebrate a special event. The winning of a war and the birthday of the reigning monarch are examples of such national events. Many candles appeared in darkened windows in New York after the September 11, 2001 attacks.

In recent times, in many cities much larger than Williamsburg, such as Richmond, Virginia, multiple skyscrapers and other buildings are decorated with long mostly-vertical strings of lights of a common theme, and are activated simultaneously in “Grand Illumination” ceremonies. Some communities, such as Norfolk, Virginia and Asheville, North Carolina, have Grand Illumination parades. In Chattanooga, Tennessee, a similar event is called the “Grand Illumination On The River.” In Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts on Martha’s Vineyard, Grand Illumination is one of the most significant events each summer, immediately preceded by a Community Sing. In the United Kingdom, the “Grand Illumination” ceremony is generally referred to as “Turning On The Lights”, and occurs in virtually all towns and cities throughout the country.

See also

• Christmas tree
• Fourth of July
• Holiday Trail of Lights
• Colonial Williamsburg

External links and sources

• The ‘Grand Illumination’ in Williamsburg’s Historic District many photos
• Norfolk’s Grand Illumination Parade
• Grand Illumination On The River, Chattanooga, Tennessee
• Grand Illumination at the Campground in Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts
• National Electrical Contractors Association A Few Facts About The Origin Of Electric Christmas Lights
• Bill Nelson’s Antique Christmas Lights site

The Worshipful Company of Furniture Makers is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London. The organisation was formed in 1951, and the City granted it Livery status in 1963. The Company generally promotes the trade by awarding scholarship to students of the craft.

The Company ranks eighty-third in the order of precedence for Livery Companies. Its motto is Straight and Strong.

External link

• The Furniture Makers’ Company

Unconditional positive regard (UPR) is a concept in client-centered therapy. Carl Rogers, who created client-centered therapy, designated unconditional positive regard as one of the three conditions were necessary for positive change, along with empathy and genuineness (congruence).

Unconditional positive regard encourages the therapist, termed a counselor by Rogers, to treat the client as worthy and capable, even when the client does not act or feel that way. According to the Rogers’s theory, mental illness is often caused by the absence of love, or by a defective kind of love, that the client received as a child. By showing the client unconditional positive regard and acceptance, the therapist is providing the best possible conditions for personal growth to the client.

To practice unconditional positive regard, while maintaining congruence at all times, the therapist provides specific feedback. The counselors show and demonstrate their care with their actions. If a clinician finds it hard to unconditionally regard their patient in a positive light, they need to keep in mind Rogers’ belief that all people have the internal resources required for personal growth. According to this theory, it is the environment that can make the difference as to whether growth occurs. A patient’s past environment may have been such that patterns of behaviour were developed in order to survive in that environment. These patterns can become entrenched so that the patient continues to operate in the world with them even if they are no longer appropriate. It is usually an inappropriate pattern that makes it hard for the clinician to regard their clients positively. The clinician needs to feel for the person under those patterns and for the person who was damaged and then survived by adapting by developing the patterns that are no longer appropriate.

Robin Wood, Gewaltfreie Aktionsgemeinschaft für Natur und Umwelt e.V., is an environmental organisation that was founded in 1982 in Germany as a splinter group of Greenpeace. Their main environmental issues are energy, transportation and the conservation of forests. It is structured after the principles of grassroots democracy and counts about 2,300 members in Germany with regional groups in 10 different german cities. They fight for their goals using forms of nonviolent resistance.

External link

• Robin Wood

Tetauni (Tetuani) is a dialect of Judaeo-Spanish, a Romance language that was spoken in the city of Oran in Algeria. The name Tetauni is derived from the city of Tetouan in Morocco, whence some of the Jewish residents of Oran emigrated.

Classification

Tetauni is a dialect of the Romance language of Judaeo-Spanish. According to the Ethnologue, the classification of Judaeo-Spanish belongs to the Ibero-Romance branch of the Gallo-Iberian branch of the Western branch of the Italo-Western branch of the Romance branch of the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family.

Fingersnapping is a technique of percussionists to play faster than they could if using their wrist in a full stroke, or to play softer at fast speeds.

Unlike the usual technique of stroking with wrist motion, in fingersnapping, the drummer uses his finger to cause the stick to strike the drum. There should be very little, if any, wrist motion.

Fingersnapping is also used to play diddles and triple-strokes with greater control than allowing the stick to bounce.

Many drummers consider practicing this technique with brushes before moving on to stick exercises. This is because of the lack of bounce in the brush that incites greater discipline in the motion between the fingers and thumbs.

Charles Rohlfs (1853 – June 30, 1936), designer of furniture, was an actor in Boston from 1868. In 1884 he married the author Anna Katharine Green. Before allowing the marriage, his father-in-law, a lawyer, demanded Rohlfs give up acting. Rohlfs then began designing furniture and found world-wide recognition. After an exhibition in Turin in 1902, Rohlfs was given membership to the Royal Society of Arts in London and was commissioned to produce furniture for Buckingham Palace, London. Rohlfs is a representative of the Arts and Crafts Movement. He died in Buffalo, New York.

They had one daughter and two sons, Roland Rohlfs and Sterling Rohlfs, who were test pilots.

References

• New York Times; July 1, 1936, Wednesday; Charles Rohlfs, Designer, is Dead; Manufacturer, 83, Is Credited With Having Originated Mission Furniture. Began Career on Stage. Starred in Mystery Drama Taken From Novel by Wife, Anna Katharine Green.

Brush Script is a casual connecting script typeface designed in 1942 by Robert E. Smith for the American Type Founders (ATF). the face exhibits an exuberant graphic stroke emulating the look of handwritten written letters with an ink brush. Lowercase letters are deliberately irregular to further effect the look of handwritten text. The typeface was introduced in 1942 and saw near immediate success with advertisers, retailers, and in posters. Its popularity continued through the 1950s, and waned as influence of the International Typographic Style grew in the 1960s. The typeface has regained considerable popularity for its nostalgic association with the post WW2 era.

Along with Dom Casual and Mistral, it is one of the best-known casual script typefaces.

Notable usages

• It was the font used for the logo of Australian soap Neighbours from its inception in 1985 until a highly publicised revamp in 2007 when it was replaced with a plain block sans serif logo.

References

Jaspert, W. Pincus, W. Turner Berry and A.F. Johnson. The Encyclopedia of Type Faces. Blandford Press Ltd.: 1953, 1983. ISBN 0-7137-1347-X.

Patrick Motors Ltd were initially a Coach builder and Automobile manufacturer in Birmingham, England in the 1930s.

The company had a workshop at 479-581, Bristol Road and showcased several cars and sports bodies at the Olympia Motor Show in the early 1930s.

They later became Patrick Motors Group (PMG) who were associated with sports cars. Some of these were imported from other companies like Austin and modified for resale.

In the 1970s, PMG were involved in selling Lynx and Panther motor cars.

Patrick Motor Group Investments still exists at The Lakeside Centre, 180 Lifford Lane, Birmingham B30 3NU.

Henry Copland was a British furniture designer and ornamentalist. In partnership with Mathias Locke during the mid 1700s in London, they produced many furniture designs in the Rococo Furniture Style. These were published in book form in 1752.

However both men worked for Thomas Chippendale the elder and many of their designs appear, without acknowledgement, in his book of designs, The Gentleman and Cabinet Makers Director, published two years later. However a study of the original drawings suggests that they may have actively collaborated with Chippendale on his book.

The negative volume index (NVI) was introduced into technical analysis by Norman Fosback, and is often treated as a counterpart of the positive volume index (PVI).

The two indicators assume that “smart” money is traded on quiet days (low volume) and that the crowd trades on very active days. Therefore, the negative volume index picks out days when the volume is lower than on the previous day, and the positive index picks out days with a higher volume.

Construction

If C_t and C_y denote the closing prices of today and yesterday, respectively, the negative volume index for today is calculated by

• adding NVI_yesterday (C_t - C_y) / C_y to yesterday’s NVI if today’s volume is lower than yesterday’s,
• adding zero otherwise,

and the positive volume index is calculated by

• adding PVI_yesterday (C_t - C_y) / C_y to yesterday’s PVI if today’s volume is higher than yesterday’s,
• adding zero otherwise

Interpretation

Fosback, in his book Stock Market Logic, claims that there is a 95% probability of a bull trend when the negative volume index is above its 1 year moving average, and drops to 50% when the NVI is below it. On the other hand, he argues there is a 67% chance of a bear trend continuing when the PVI drops below its 1 year moving average, and only 21% when it jumps back above it.

References

• Norman Fosback, Stock Market Logic

Swampoodle was also the name of a neighborhood in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, within the area now usually called Allegheny West.

Swampoodle is a name for the neighborhood in the area around Union Station (Washington, D.C.) in Washington, D.C. This area was previously the home to a thriving Irish community whose legacy is Gonzaga College High School. Swampoodle is an archaic name; Currently, most of the original neighborhood is part of the area known as NoMa.

The current boundaries of Swampoodle are, roughly, 2nd Street NW to the west, Massachusetts Avenue to the north, and Louisiana Avenue NE and the grounds of the U.S. Capitol to the southeast.

Swampoodle was also the home of the Swampoodle Grounds, which was the home of the Washington Nationals baseball club from 1886 to 1889.

External links

• Voice of the Hill, Swampoodle

William Sprague may refer to:

• William Sprague (1609–1675), original American settler
• William Buell Sprague (1795-1786), American clergyman and compiler of Annals of the American Pulpit
• William Sprague III (1799-1856), (William Sprague III) a politician from Rhode Island, uncle of William Sprague IV
• William Sprague (congressman) (1809-1868), a politician from Michigan
• William P. Sprague (1827-1899), a politician from Ohio
• William Sprague (1830-1915), (William Sprague IV) a politician from Rhode Island, nephew of William Sprague III
• W.G.R. Sprague (1863-1933), the famous London Theatre designer

The Olympic Green is an Olympic Park in Beijing, China that is under construction for the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Distance from Olympic Village: 2km
Distance from MPC/IBC: 2km
Spectator Capacity:
Field A: 15,000
Field B: 5,000

Structure: The venue has two competition fields. Field A has large-sized electronic score boards. The design of the stadium will incorporate important environmental features, including natural ventilation and lighting and drainage systems.

Agreement with FIH: The FIH has approved the National Hockey Stadium as suitable for the 2008 Olympic Games hockey competitions.

The National Hockey Stadium will be used for international and national competition and as the training center for the national hockey team. The east seating of Field A and all the seating of Field B will be removed to provide open viewing areas and extended natural surroundings.

List of sports venues

• Beijing National Stadium
• Beijing National Aquatics Centre
• Beijing National Indoor Stadium
• Olympic Green Convention Centre
• Olympic Green Hockey Field
• Olympic Green Archery Field
• Olympic Green Tennis Centre

The Worshipful Company of Furniture Makers is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London. The organisation was formed in 1951, and the City granted it Livery status in 1963. The Company generally promotes the trade by awarding scholarship to students of the craft.

The Company ranks eighty-third in the order of precedence for Livery Companies. Its motto is Straight and Strong.

External link

• The Furniture Makers’ Company

NAPM is an acronym which can stand for:

• National Academy of Popular Music
• National Association of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers
• National Association of Presort Mailers
• National Association of Purchasing Management
• National Association of Photographic Manufacturers

A Slit gong, sometimes also called “slit drum”, is a log drum used throughout Africa, Southeast Asia, and Oceania. It is usually called a boungu in Africa. A whole log is hollowed out through a narrow slit running the length of the log. Slit gong players use padded sticks to produce a range of penetrating musical notes, depending on where and how the gong is struck. The gong may be carved into various pleasing or significant shapes. They are sometimes referred to as a type of drum, but this is incorrect; drums are membranophones whereas a slit gong is an idiophone.

In most instruments, the wood on the two sides of the slit is of different thickness, resulting in tones of different pitch. They can therefore be used to imitate the tonal patterns found in tonal languages. Instruments with two slits (like the ones shown on the picture) can thus have up to four different pitches.

See also

• drum (communication)

Quantum field theory in curved spacetimes is an extension of standard quantum field theory to curved spacetimes. A general prediction of this theory is that particles can be created in strong gravitational fields.

Thanks to the equivalence principle the quantization procedure closely resembles that of Minkowski spacetime once the proper formalism is chosen; however, interesting new phenomena occur. In general, on curved spacetimes quantum fields lose their interpretation as particles. Only in certain situations, such as in asymptotically flat spacetimes, can the notion of particle be recovered. Even then, the particle interpretation depends on the observer (ie, different observers may measure different numbers of particles on a given spacetime). The prediction that gravitational fields can create particles is partly due to this ambiguity.

Probably the most striking application of the theory of quantum fields in curved spacetime is Hawking’s prediction that black holes radiate with a thermal spectrum. A related prediction is the Unruh effect: accelerated observers in the vacuum measure a thermal bath of particles.

This formalism is also used to predict the primordial density perturbation spectrum arising from cosmic inflation. Since this spectrum is measured by a variety of cosmological measurements — such as the CMB — if inflation is correct this particular prediction of the theory has already been verified.

The theory of quantum field theory in curved spacetime can be considered as a first approximation of the inaccessible theory of quantum gravity. A second step towards that theory would be semiclassical gravity, which would include the influence of particles created by a strong gravitational field on the spacetime (which is still considered classical).

Suggested reading

• R.M. Wald. Quantum field theory in curved space-time and black hole thermodynamics. Chicago U. (1995).
• S.A. Fulling. Aspects of quantum field theory in curved space-time. CUP (1989).
• N.D. Birrell & P.C.W. Davies. Quantum fields in curved space. CUP (1982).
• L. H. Ford Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime (1997).

Snedding is the process of stripping the side shoots and buds from the length of a branch or shoot, usually of a tree or woody shrub. Most commonly this process is performed during hedge laying.

The verb, “to sned” was also used by woodcutters in Scotland to refer to the process of removing branches from felled trees. Whether using an axe or a chainsaw the relative difficulty of snedding was a key measure of the difficulty of the job as a whole.

Memorial Stadium is an outdoor baseball stadium in Garden City, Idaho. The stadium has a current seating capacity of 4,500 on land owned by Ada County, and sits adjacent to the Western Idaho Fairgrounds on the banks of the Boise River. The facility primarily serves as home to the Boise Hawks baseball club of the short-season Class A Northwest League.

The natural grass playing field at Memorial Stadium sits at an elevation of 2600 feet (792 m) above sea level.

The stadium opened in 1989, with several significant improvements over time. During their first two seasons of 1987 & 1988, the Hawks played their home games at Bill Wigle Field, on the campus of Borah High School.

External links

• Boise Hawks.com - Memorial Stadium - seating chart

The Secunderabad Club is an elite club located in Secunderabad, India.
It started as an exclusive club for the officers of the British Cantonment, but has since started accepting members from the Indian armed forces and high officials from the Government and private business.

The club has excellent recreational facilities including indoor and outdoor sports. It has facilities to organise social gatherings and is quite a popular gathering spot for the well to do in the city. Membership to the club is exclusive and difficult to obtain.

The Secunderabad Club is one of the five oldest Clubs in India, the oldest club being the Bengal Club of Kolkota. The club has gone through 2 name changes before the name Secunderabad Club finally settled. The Club was established on April 26, 1878 and was originally known as the Secunderabad Public Rooms. It was renamed the Secunderabad Garrison Club, the Secunderabad Gymkhana Club and the United Services Club.

The earliest records state that this Club was formed by the British Garrisons that were stationed in Secunderabad under an agreement with the 5th Nizam “Sikander Jah”. The Club was then known as Garrison Club.

Over a period of 15 to 20 years the British presence in Hyderabad increased and the Britishers brought in their civilian officers to look after the Nizams, Railways which were set up, as well as the Judicial system to administer the cantonment area.

The Nizam also requisitioned the British Officers to help him set up the Electrical, Water works and various Revenue reforms in the state. During this period, which was in the late 1800’s, the name of Garrison Club was changed to United Services Club representing the membership from all parts of the services. The Club was no longer an Army Club and it served all the services represented by the Britishers.

As time went by the officers later on changed the name to Secunderabad Club since it was situated in Secunderabad. This name changing coincided with the presentation by Salar Jung I the then Prime Minister of Hyderabad State to the resident at that point of time of his hunting lodge. The club came to the current location in March 1903.

The Story goes that the Club was situated in a small run down building and when the Resident’s desired to come to the Club, Salar Jung got to know of it and offered his hunting lodge as a befitting building to house the club where the Resident could come in and spend his evening.

Accordingly the rules of the Secunderabad Club mention that the Salar Jungs lineal descendants will be made members of Secunderabad Club without ballot or admission fee which is followed to this day. The Club is situated in the Tokatta village, which was Salar Jung’s Jagir.

The historical papers and documents speak of Cantonment Area which is most of Secunderabad, but when the areas were handed over for Administration purpose only to the Britishers, the farwans or law promulgated by the Nizam states that those areas, which are under the occupation of his Nawabs and Jagirdhars, will not be disturbed by the Bristishers.

Till 1947 there were only British Presidents of the Club and a few high-ranking nobility were offered membership and were members of the Secunderabad Club.

The First Indian President was Major General El Edross who was in the Hyderabad Army. After that when the Indian Armed forces over ran Hyderabad in September 1948 General Choudary under whose command the Indian Armed Forces were, became the President for a few months. Immediately thereafter the Club went into the Indian hands and Najaf Ali Khan an ICS Officer was elected as the President of the Club in 1948 and later on went on to become the receiver of Salar Jung estate when Salar Jung III died in 1950.

The Club has some of the finest facilities and used to have a Golf Club and a Sailing Club as Annexes to the Main Club which was nearly 21 acres in area. The Golf Club was eventually taken over by the army in 1983 after expiry of the lease period.

External links

• “Shrine of the sahib log” Article at The Hindu
• Official Website

Two Australian rules footballers are named Michael Gardiner:

• Michael S. Gardiner, St Kilda ruckman;

• Michael R. Gardiner, former Collingwood player

Other people named Michael Gardiner:

• Michael Gardiner is a Scottish academic/writer

The 1978 European Championship can refer to European Championships held in several sports:

• 1978 European Rugby League Championship
• 1978 European Championships in Athletics
• European Championships were also held in women’s basketball, field hockey, speed skating and table tennis, among others.

Kaffee Alt Wien is a classic Viennese coffee house at Bäckerstraße 9 in the First District. It was established in 1936 by Leopold Hawelka and his wife Josefine on the day after their wedding. They ran the café until 1939 at which time they moved to Dorotheergasse, where they opened a new coffee house, the famous Café Hawelka.

The Alt Wien is nowadays not one of Vienna’s chic coffee houses, but instead rather smoky and gloomy, and the clientele often includes bizarre characters. Consequently in 1976, a notable happening by the Viennese artist Gottfried Helnwein took place in the café. Since the 1980s, the Kaffee Alt Wien has developed into a night café.

References

• The information in this article is based on a translation of its German equivalent.

External links

• Kaffee - Kaffee Schwarz

List of armies — List of German armies in WWI

This page is a list of German army formations existing during World War I.

• First Army
• Second Army
• Third Army
  
• Fourth Army
• Fifth Army
• Sixth Army
• Seventh Army
• Eighth Army
• Ninth Army
• Tenth Army
• Eleventh Army
  
• Twelfth Army - formed 1917
• Fourteenth Army - formed 1917
• Seventeenth Army - formed 1918
• Eighteenth Army - formed 1918
• Nineteenth Army - formed 1918

Making Enemies is Good is an album by Backyard Babies, released in 2001. A number of tracks were co-written by Ginger of The Wildhearts.
The album contains big hits such as “The clash” and “Brand new hate”. The album was produced by the famous producer Thomas Skogsberg. Skogsberg also plays a keyboard solo in the song “Colours”.

In sailing, a spar is a round pole of wood or metal used on a sailing ship. In modern usage it almost always refers to the mast, but historically the term was also used for booms, gaffs, yards, etc.

Spars of all types are used in the rigging of sailing ships to resist compressive and bending forces, and to provide support for the sails.

Wooden ships from the age of sail often carried many extra spars of all types for repairs while at sea. The spar deck of a frigate was so named because it was used to carry spare spars.

This article is not about the Gauss–Markov theorem of mathematical statistics.

As one would expect, Gauss–Markov stochastic processes (named after Carl Friedrich Gauss and Andrey Markov) are stochastic processes that satisfy the requirements for both Gaussian processes and Markov processes.

Every Gauss-Markov process X(t) possesses the three following properties:

1. If h(t) is a non-zero scalar function of t, then Z(t) = h(t)X(t) is also a Gauss-Markov process
2. If f(t) is a non-decreasing scalar function of t, then Z(t) = X(f(t)) is also a Gauss-Markov process
3. There exists a non-zero scalar function h(t) and a non-decreasing scalar function f(t) such that X(t) = h(t)W(f(t)), where W(t) is the standard Wiener process.

Property (3) means that every Gauss–Markov process can be synthesized from the standard Wiener process (SWP).

Properties

A stationary Gauss–Markov process with variance <math>\textbf{E}(X^{2}(t)) = \sigma^{2}</math> and time constant <math>\beta^{-1}</math> have the following properties.

Exponential autocorrelation:

<math>\textbf{R}_{x}(\tau) = \sigma^{2}e^{-\beta |\tau|}.\,</math>

(Power) spectral density function:

<math>\textbf{S}_{x}(j\omega) = \frac{2\sigma^{2}\beta}{\omega^{2} + \beta^{2}}.\,</math>

The above yields the following spectral factorisation:

<math>\textbf{S}_{x}(s) = \frac{2\sigma^{2}\beta}{-s^{2} + \beta^{2}}

                        = \frac{\sqrt{2\beta}\,\sigma}{(s + \beta)}
                          \cdot\frac{\sqrt{2\beta}\,\sigma}{(-s + \beta)}.

</math>

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Donatos Pizza is a “fast casual” restaurant chain founded in 1963 by college sophomore Jim Grote. The first Donatos was in Columbus, Ohio. Donatos currently has locations in Alabama, Ohio, Kentucky, Indianapolis, and Orlando. They also briefly had locations in Atlanta and Philadelphia; however, these were subsequently closed. Donatos was also briefly owned by McDonald’s, along with Boston Market and Chipotle Mexican Grill, but a majority interest in Donatos was repurchased by Grote as McDonald’s sought to refocus on its core business. During this period three stores were operated in Munich, Germany. Donatos serves pizza, subs, salads, and wings. With over 170 restaurants, it is one of the most successful pizzerias in the U.S.

Donatos, however, is slightly different from fast-food pizza chains such as Domino’s or Pizza Hut. Its typical pizza has a thin crust with a thick, slightly sweet tomato sauce; the pizza is typically cut into square pieces instead of the traditional wedge shape. Also, the pizza is typically covered in toppings; one touted characteristic of the pepperoni pizza is that a large pizza always has 100 pepperonis.

In mid-2005, Donatos introduced the “Take and Bake” Store. In this concept, Donatos offers a limited menu of their Signature Pizzas, Subs, Wings, and Breadsticks, as well as the option to “Take and Bake.” The pizzas are created to the customer’s order and are placed on a disposable foil baking pan, packaged with a disposable cardboard square cutting board, and boxed with instructions on how to bake them at home. These stores are located inside of Kroger Food and Drug Stores. The fifth Donatos Take and Bake opened in a new market: Wheeling, West Virginia. The company has announced the possibility of opening some free-standing locations in the Wheeling area, maybe as soon as 2007.

References

External links

• Donatos website

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In patent law, a patent pool is a consortium of at least two companies agreeing to cross-license patents relating to a particular technology. The creation of a patent pool can save patentees and licensees time and money. Competition law issues are usually important when a large consortium is formed. Patent pooling has recently become a hotly debated field.

One of the first patent pools was formed in 1856, by manufacturers Grover, Baker, Singer, Wheeler, and Wilson, all accusing the others of patent infringement. They met in Albany, New York to pursue their suits. Orlando B. Potter, a lawyer and president of the Grover and Baker Company, proposed that, rather than sue their profits out of existence, they pool their patents (See also: Isaac Singer/I. M. Singer & Co).

As in that example many industries could not function without patent pools since the coordination costs (risk, negotiation, etc.) would otherwise be too high. Patent pools are only one example of cases where members of an otherwise competitive industry join in common cause to create some resource that is to their collective benefit. For example the insurance industry pools claims data to collectively reduce risk; the catalog sales industry pools sales data to better model their customes; the auto industry collaborates to standardize components; and in the software industry we see open source collaboration. All these are examples of pooling to reduce risk and lower coordination costs.

In a more modern example in August 2005, a patent pool was formed by about 20 companies active in the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) domain [1][2]. The RFID Consortium picked Via Licensing to administer its patent pool in September of 2006 [3].

Patent pools do not eliminate risk, they only temper it. Patent holders (including other patent pools) outside the pool can still create cost and risk for the industry. While it is rare for a patent pool to indemnify licensees the pool does help to assure a common interest will emerge should one member be
accused of infringement by a third party. Flaws in the design of the pool’s governance can create the risk that one member can break the common cause of the group. Examples of well-known such cases include the MPEG-2, MPEG-4 Part 2 and H.264 video coding standards, and the DVD6C pool.

See also

• Essential patent
• Open Invention Network
• Patent portfolio
• Sherman Antitrust Act
• 501(c)(6) — i.e. industry specific nonprofits
• Patent holding company
• Cross-licensing

References

• United States Patent and Trademark Office, Patent Pools: A Solution to the Problem of Access in Biotechnology Patents?, December 5, 2000 (PDF file)

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Nassau Street could refer to several different locations:

• Nassau Street (Dublin) – a street in Dublin, Ireland.
• Nassau Street (Winnipeg) – a street in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
  
• Nassau Street (Princeton) – a street in Princeton, New Jersey.
• Nassau Street (Manhattan) – a street in Lower Manhattan, New York City.

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Sector lights are a man-made pilotage and position fixing aid that indicates a safe channel through shallow or dangerous waters.

Generally, there are three lights of different colours, each identifying a navigational sector:

• white - this sector is inside the safe channel
• red - indicates the port (nautical) side of the channel for incoming vessels
• green - indicates the starboard side of the channel for incoming vessels

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In film, reframing is a change in camera angle without a cut. The term has been more often used in film criticism than in actual cinema. Critics of the technique include Andre Bazin among others.

Notable Films in which Reframing is Used

• Citizen Kane
  
• The Player

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Cyclic stress in engineering refers is an internal distribution of forces (a stress) that changes over time in a repetitive fashion. As an example, consider one of the large wheels used to drive an aerial lift such as a ski lift. The wire cable wrapped around the wheel exerts a downward force on the wheel and the drive shaft supporting the wheel. Although the shaft, wheel, and cable move the force remains nearly vertical relative to the ground. Thus a point on the surface of the drive shaft will undergo tension when it is pointing towards the ground and compression when it is pointing to the sky. Because the wheel rotates many times during the use of the machine, this cycle of tension and compression is repeated many times — hence the name cyclic stress.

Types of cyclic stress

Cyclic stress is frequently encountered in rotating machinery where a bending moment is applied to a rotating part. This is called a cyclic bending stress and the aerial lift above is a good example. However, cyclic axial stresses and cyclic torsional stresses also exist. An example of cyclic axial stress would be a bungee cord (see bungee jumping), which must support the mass of people as they jump off structures such as bridges. When a person reaches the end of a cord, the cord deflects elastically and stops the person’s descent. This creates a large axial stress in the cord. A fraction of the elastic potential energy stored in the cord is typically transferred back to the person, throwing the person upwards some fraction of the distance he or she fell. The person then falls on the cord again, inducing stress in the cord. This happens multiple times per jump. The same cord is used for several jumps, creating cyclical stresses in the cord that could eventually cause failure if not replaced.

Cyclical torsional stresses are stresses repetitively applied tangent to an axis. As an example, consider a compact disc drive. Each time a disc is inserted into the drive, a motor applies torque to the disc via a drive shaft. Once disc reaches the desired rotational velocity, relatively little torque is required to maintain the speed. Thus the torque varies over time as the drive spins up a disc and slows it down. Unlike the ski lift example above where the torque is relatively constant but the load due to cable tension created a bending moment, compact disc drive shafts have little to no bending moment applied but have a torque that varies significantly over time.

Cyclic stress and material failure

When cyclic stresses are applied to a material, even though the stresses do not cause plastic deformation, the material may fail due to fatigue. Fatigue failure is typically modeled by decomposing cyclic stresses into mean and alternating components. Mean stress is the time average of the principal stress. Alternating stress is the difference between the mean and the maximum or the mean and the minimum value the principal stress takes on. Engineers try to design mechanisms whose parts are subjected to a single type (bending, axial, or torsional) of cyclic stress because this more closely matches experiments used to characterize fatigue failure in different materials.

References

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Individual Thought Patterns is the fifth album by Death, released in 1993.

Stylistically, the album continues to expand on the technical, progressive style that began with Human, and considerably more jazzy as well. More so than any other Death album, Chuck shared solos with his second guitarist, Andy LaRocque. It is included in Guitar Player Magazine’s Metal Guitar albums Top 20. The album is also the first of two Death albums to feature renowned drummer Gene Hoglan, and the last to feature fretless bassist Steve DiGiorgio.

This album contains Death’s best known song, The Philosopher, which featured a music video that received airplay on MTV and was even reviewed by Beavis & Butthead. It was also Death’s best selling album. According to Metal-Rules.com, it is the 100th greatest heavy metal album of all time. [1] Also according to Metal-Rules, it is the 11th greatest extreme metal album of all time. [2]

Track listing

1. “Overactive Imagination” – 3:28
2. “In Human Form” – 3:55
3. “Jealousy” – 3:39
4. “Trapped in a Corner” – 4:11
5. “Nothing Is Everything” – 3:16
6. “Mentally Blind” – 4:45
7. “Individual Thought Patterns” – 4:00
8. “Destiny” – 4:04
9. “Out of Touch” – 4:19
10. “The Philosopher” – 4:10

Credits

• Chuck Schuldiner - Guitar, Vocals, Producer
• Gene Hoglan - Drums
• Andy LaRocque - Guitar
• Steve DiGiorgio - Fretless Bass
• Scott Burns - Producer, Engineer

Charts

Album

Billboard (North America)

“The Philosopher” was released as a single and featured a music video.

External links

• Lyrics

Information

• Symmetry and Pattern: The Art of Oriental Carpets and tests, and design for testability. Gerard has applied 60 min -

Mark Errington Brydon is a bassist, composer, arranger, recording engineer, remix artist and producer best known as a member of the group Moloko.

He comes from Sunderland, England, but established himself in the Sheffield music scene, where he helped to build Fon Studios. Brydon made significant contributions to the 1987 British pop hit “House Arrest” by Krush. He furthered his career with contributions to records and remixes such as “The Funky Worm” and efforts by Psychic TV, Boy George, Art of Noise and other groups. As a bass player and producer he was a member of Cloud 9 and Chakk. His biggest contribution to British art pop to date would come as a result of meeting Róisín Murphy, with whom he formed Moloko, at a cocktail party. The two hit off immediately, and began working together first as a duo for two albums, then bringing in a full line-up to tour and record the last two Moloko albums. Moloko went on indefinite hiatus after the release of “Statues” in 2003, followed by a successful tour and the release of the full length concert video “11,000 Clicks” in 2004 (filmed at their final performance in Brixton, at the end of the Statues tour).

Before its bankruptcy, Brydon had divested himself of his interests in legendary FON studios, for which he did everything from designing the studio architecture to hand-choosing equipment. He has continued a side career as a remixer under such aliases as DJ Plankton.

Following Moloko’s indefinite break-up, Brydon is focusing his energies on the design of a new studio.

Links

Brydon’s ASCAP listing of compositions

Information

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German Heavy Panzer Detachments/Battalions (), were battalion-sized World War II tank units, equipped with Tiger I and Tiger II heavy tanks. Originally intended to fight on the offensive during breakthrough operations, the German late-war realities showed them better used and much more capable of fighting in a defensive posture by providing heavy fire support and counterattacking enemy armored breakthroughs. These panzer detachments were considered elite units.

Formation

Early formation units experimented to find the correct combination of heavy Tiger tanks supported by either medium Panzer III tanks or scout elements. Later formations had a standard organization of 45 Tiger Tanks, composed of 3 companies of 14 Tigers each, plus 3 command vehicles. Maintenance troubles and the mechanical unreliability of the Tigers posed a continuous problem, so often the units would field a smaller number of combat-ready tanks.

The limited number of these heavy tanks, plus their specialized role in either offensive or defensive missions, meant they were rarely permanently assigned to a single division or corps; but shuffled around according to war circumstances.

By the end of the war, the following heavy panzer detachments had been created. Early units were re-built several times by the end of the war.

Heer units

• 501st Heavy Panzer Detachment
• 502nd Heavy Panzer Detachment
• 503rd Heavy Panzer Detachment
• 504th Heavy Panzer Detachment
• 505th Heavy Panzer Detachment
• 506th Heavy Panzer Detachment
• 507th Heavy Panzer Detachment
• 508th Heavy Panzer Detachment
• 509th Heavy Panzer Detachment
• 3rd Battalion, Grossdeutschland Regiment
  • exception to the permanent assignment

Waffen-SS units

• 101st SS Heavy Panzer Detachment
• 102nd SS Heavy Panzer Detachment
• 103rd SS Heavy Panzer Detachment
  • The 104th SS Heavy Panzer Detachment was planned 22 October 1943 for IV. SS-Panzerkorps, but was never formed

References

• Tiger I Information Center
• Tiger Battalions in WWII

Books

• Wilbeck, Christopher. Sledgehammers: Strengths and Flaws of Tiger Tank Battalions in World War II. Bedford, PA: Aberjona Press, 2004

A fast casual restaurant is a type of restaurant which is similar to a fast-food restaurant in that it does not offer full table service, but promises a somewhat higher quality of food and atmosphere. It is a growing concept to fill the space between fast-food and casual dining. The typical cost per guest is in the $6-$10 range.

Counter service accompanied by handmade food (often visible via an open kitchen) is typical. Alcohol may be served. Dishes like steak may be offered. The menu is usually limited to an extended over-counter display, and options in the way the food is prepared are emphasized. Health-conscious items have a larger than normal portion of the menu, and some restaurants may emphasize high quality ingredients like free range chicken and freshly made salsas; Overall, the quality of the food is presented as much higher than conventional factory-made fast food. While full table service is not offered, conveniences like non-plastic utensils and plates are common.

The moderate volume music and nontraditional decor pioneered by Starbucks are fully embraced by fast casual restaurants - approximately half of the customers eat in the establishment, compared with a quarter of fast food customers.

Technomic Information Services created the term “fast casual restaurants” to describe restaurants with the following classifications:

Limited-service or self-service format
Average check between $6 and $9
Made-to-order food with more complex flavors than fast food restaurants
Upscale or highly developed decor
There is a Fast Casual Magazine, launched by NetWorld Alliance and published by Paul Barron, who coined the term “Fast Casual” in the late 1990s[1].

• Artuzzi’s
• Aruba juice
• Atlanta Bread Company
• Au Bon Pain
• Back Yard Burgers
• Baja Fresh
• Bajio Grill
• Boston Market
• Bruegger’s
• Buffalo Wild Wings
• Buona
• California Tortilla
• Charley’s Grilled Subs
• Chicken Out Rotisserie
• Chipotle Mexican Grill
• CiCi’s Pizza
• Cold Stone Creamery
• Corner Bakery Cafe
• Cosi
• Crossa
• Culver’s
• Damon’s Grill
• Daphne’s Greek Cafe
• Donatos Pizza
• Fazoli’s
• Firehouse Subs
• Five Guys Burgers & Fries
• Freebirds
• Fresh City
• Fuddruckers
• Jason’s Deli
• Jimmy John’s
• Jerry’s Subs and Pizza
• KnowFat! Lifestyle Grille
• La Salsa
• The Loop Pizza Grill
• Mama Fu’s
• Mark Pi’s Asian Fast Food
• McAlister’s Deli
• Moe’s Southwest Grill
• Noodles & Company
• Panda Express
• Panera Bread
• Paradise Bakery
• Pei Wei Asian Diner
• Penn Station
• Pick Up Stix
• Pollo Campero
• Portillo’s
• Potbelly Sandwich Works
• Qdoba Mexican Grill
• Rubio’s Fresh Mexican Grill
• Rumbi Island Grill
• Salsarita’s
• Sauce
• Schlotzsky’s
• Spicy Pickle
• Tahitian Noni Cafe
• Taco John’s
• Taxi’s
• Tijuana Flats
• Tim Hortons
• Tin Star
• UFood Grill
• Vapiano
• W.g. Grinders
• Wingstop
• Wolfgang Puck Express
• ZPizza
• Zankou Chicken
• Zaxby’s

References

“Cases in Strategic Management and Business Policy, Tenth Edition” by Thomas L. Wheelen & J. David Hunger

See also

• Fast food
• Casual dining
• Types of restaurants
• Restaurant

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According to an EU Directive, from July 1, 2004 electric power consumers must be informed about the sources from which the electricity they have purchased was generated. Additionally, consumers must be informed about the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the Earth’s atmosphere and the quantity of nuclear waste produced as a result of the generation of the electricity that they have purchased.

The exact presentation of the data provided, be that in tables or charts, and the number of types of electricity generation listed are at the discretion of the EU Member States.

Fuel mix disclosure aims to allow customers to differentiate between electricity supply companies and switch supplier as part of the wider programme of EU electricity liberalization.

See also

• Energy policy of the European Union

External links

• EC Directive 2003/54/EC establishing Fuel mix disclosure
• European Commission note on fuel mix disclosure
• UK Department of Trade and Industry Statistics enabling suppliers to calculate fuel mix
• British Energy’s fuel mix disclosure information
• Fuel mix disclosure in California
• UK Fuel Mix Disclosure figures for all suppliers and CO2 calculator for comparing suppliers

The year 1590 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Technology

Events

• Glass lenses are developed in the Netherlands and used for the first time in microscopes and telescopes.
• A compound microscope is developed by Zacharias Janssen and his father in Holland.

Births

Deaths

Information

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Laurence Williams-Sullivan (1872 – 1935) was a U.S. Unitarian clergyman. He wrote A Letter to His Holiness, Pope Pius X in 1910, which was the last book by a U.S. author or writer placed on Vatican’s Index Librorum Prohibitorum in 1912. Laurence Williams was openly gay, which was widely frowned-upon at the time. In his biography, he later disclosed information about widespread homosexuality in the Vatican. However, the biography was not published until after his death, so he was not punished for the disclosure.

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In popular music groove, used in the sense of rhythm, is a term for metre and its embellishment by a rhythm section. Richard Middleton (1999) describes, “the concept of groove – a term now theorized by analysts but long familiar in musicians’ own usage – marks an understanding of rhythmic patterning that underlies its role in producing the characteristic rhythmic ‘feel’ of a piece, a feel created by a repeating framework within which variation can then take place.”

“Groove”, in terms of pattern sequencing, is also known as “shuffle” - where there is deviation from exact step positions.

Beyond this generality, the “groove” interpretation technique is widely attributed to James Brown’s drummers Clyde Stubblefield and Jabo Starks, traditional Jamaican Reggae, African music and Latin music, and consists of an interpretation and a syncopation of a binary rhythm in soul music by the rhythm section, even though it has reached many other genres. This particular technique is very well explained and documented in a video from Mike Clark (drums) and Paul Jackson (bass).

“…even the people who can’t dance wanna feel like dancing, thats where groove comes in.”-Steve Telehus

Sources

• Middleton, Richard (1999). Form. Key Terms in Popular Music and Culture. Malden, Massachusetts. ISBN 0-631-21263-9.

• Mike Clark and Paul Jackson - Rhythm Combination (1992)

See also

• Rhythm

Information

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Sandy Point is a suburb in south-western Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Sandy Point is located 28km south of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the Sutherland Shire.

Sandy Point is also a geographical formation on the southern bank of the Georges River, east of Deadmans Creek. The Sandy Point estate was created here in 1925 and it was later adopted as the suburb’s name.

Holsworthy and Pleasure Point are the only adjacent suburbs. East Hills and Picnic Point
are located on the opposite bank of the Georges River.

External links

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G-Plan was a pioneering range of furniture in the United Kingdom, produced by E Gomme Ltd.

Launched in 1954 and backed by consumer advertising, G-Plan was sold direct to the public via showrooms and exhibitions which displayed the furniture in room sets - the first use of lifestyle marketing in Britain - rather than through traditional furniture shops.

In another first, G-Plan was designed to be mixed and matched, and - another novelty in the post-World War II era - was also modern and affordable. As Scandinavian designs gained popularity, a Danish-designed range was added in the early-1960s. The success of G-Plan lead to E Gomme becoming one of the UK’s largest furniture manufacturers.

The company, now based at modern offices near Melksham, Wiltshire, presently operates under the name of G-Plan Upholstry Ltd.

See also

• Ercol
• Lucian Ercolani
• UK topics

It’s more than 100 years now since Ebenezer Gomme set up his furniture making business in 1898 in the town of High Wycombe, in Bucks. He joined hundreds of other furniture makers in the area, satisfying the insatiable demand for furniture from the rapidly growing cities of Industrial Revolution England and drawing on the abundant supplies of timber from the Chiltern beech woods that surrounded them.

By dint of hard work and insistence on the highest standard of quality, the company grew steadily from its humble beginnings. There were interruptions and set backs. During the First World War the company was set to making DC9 aircraft; in 1922 the factory was completely gutted in a disastrous fire. But, by 1939 it had become one of the largest manufacturers in the industry at the time.

Then came war again and once more the company’s services were required – this time they played a leading part in the production of the famous de Havilland Mosquito aircraft.

The experience gained in machining and assembling wooden parts to tolerances normally associated with metal working stood the company in good stead when life eventually got back to normal in the 1950s.

Once again there was much pent up demand to supply and Donald Gomme – Ebenezer’s grandson – was able and willing to supply it. One of his many bright ideas was to promote his products direct to the consumer – unheard of at that time for a manufacturer. And thus G Plan – the name he coined in 1953 - became the first furniture brand to be heavily promoted through advertising.

The first G Plan model – Brandon in light oak – was ultra modern for the time and the company’s fresh and vigorous approach became all the rage, leading to a hey day of success throughout the sixties. G Plan was one of the first to latch onto the fashion for teak, Scandinavian style furniture, for example.

In fact G Plan can lay claim to a whole series of ‘firsts” in the world of furniture. It was the first company to introduce the concept of whole house furnishing – much boosted by significant TV advertising in the early seventies. In those heady days there was even a flagship London showroom in George Square, W1.

It was also the first to introduce modular furniture: Form Five was the name of the first range, which had a base unit with a sliding door mechanism and five bookcase display elements for the tops.

G Plan was also the first to introduce flip-action extending dining tables; and the first to put stops on cutlery drawers to prevent them (and their contents) from being spilled onto the floor.

In 1987 the Gomme family – major shareholders in the company, which had gone public in 1958 - decided to retire. They sold the business to the then directors, who, three years later, sold it to the Christie Tyler group of companies. In 1996 the Morris Furniture Group acquired the licence to make and market G Plan Cabinet furniture from its state of the art facilities in Glasgow. It has since developed and extended the range into today’s highly successful collection, securing the future of the famous brand for the 21st century.

External links

• GPlan.com
• GPlanCabinets.co.uk

Information

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• Furniture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Furniture is the collective term for the movable objects which may support the human body (seating furniture and beds), provide storage, or hold objects on
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Production tubing is a tubular used in a wellbore through which production fluids are produced.

Production tubing is run into the drilled well after the casing is run and cemented in place. Along with other components that constitute the production string, it provides a continuous bore from the production zone to the wellhead through which oil and gas can be produced. It is usually between five and ten centimeters in diameter and is held inside the casing through the use of expandable packing devices.

If there is more than one zone of production in the well, up to four lines of production tubing can be run.

References

• petroleum production. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2005. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. 17 Nov. 2005.

See also

• Oil well
  
• Casing
• Completion

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