Furniture

In theoretical physics, a preferred or privileged frame is usually a special hypothetical frame of reference in which the laws of physics might appear to be identifiably different from those in other frames.

In theories that apply the principle of relativity to inertial motion, physics is the same in all inertial frames and no single inertial frame is privileged or preferred above any other.

Preferred frame in aether theory

In theories that presume that light travels at a fixed speed relative to an unmodifiable aetherial medium, the “preferred frame” would be the frame in which this “aether” would be stationary. In 1887, Michelson and Morley tried to identify the state of motion of this hypothetical “preferred frame”. To do so, they assumed Galilean Relativity to be satisfied by clocks and rulers; that is, that the length of rulers and periods of clocks are invariant under any Galilean frame change. Under such an hypothesis, a preferred frame should have been observed.

By comparing measurements made in different directions and looking for an effect due to the Earth’s orbital speed, their experiment famously produced a null result. This experiment disproved the Galilean invariance hypothesis for ruler lengths and clock periods, and confirmed the universal validity of the principle of relativity of motion (the so-called Lorentz invariance). Thus, all inertial frames are physically equivalent. More precisely, provided that no phenomenon violates the principle of relativity of motion, there is no means to measure the velocity of an inertial observer with regard to a possible medium of propagation of quantum waves.

The Aether (ether) in 19th Century Physics

There arose a theory in 19th-century physics that there existed a hypothetical medium named the “Aether” (or ether). Some physicists suggested that the universe was filled with this substance known as “aether” which transmitted electromagnetic waves. It was also postulated that light arose from vibrations of the aether. Aether constituted an absolute reference frame against which speeds could be measured. In other words, the aether was the only fixed or motionless thing in the universe.

This theory arose out of what had seemed necessary to physics for over 2000 years since the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) said that the earth was immovable and a fixture from which all other points could be measured. This theory recorded later, by Ptolemy, remained intact in the earth-centered models of the universe until it was overthrown by the theory of Copernicus. Yet, in the Copernican system, though the Sun was now the center of the universe, the Sun itself took the place of the earth as the fixture upon which all measurements could be made. However, things changed in 1785 when William Herschel began to describe the position of the Sun within the Milky Way galaxy. Now the Sun was no longer a fixture in space and it appeared that there was no center to the universe. This was an unreconciliable idea to 19th century physicists who invented the concept of the aether to create a motionless fixture in the universe from which all measurements could be made. However, since electromagnetic waves passed through the aether and planets moved through the aether, the aether was postulated to have some wonderful properties i.e. it was sufficiently elastic that it could support electromagnetic waves, those waves could interact with matter, yet it offered no resistance to bodies passing through it. In fact, it was said that light could not pass from the Sun to the earth without the aether because it needed a medium to carry it just as sound waves travel in a medium. In trying to prove the existence of the Aether, 19th century physicists in their Michelson-Morley experiment accidentally disproved Galilean relativity assumption of rulers lengthes and clocks periods invariance and confirmed the universal validity of the principle of relativity of motion. This experiment stressed the impossibility of measuring the velocity of observers with regard to a possible aether thanks to any means complying with the principle of relativity of motion. It paved the way for Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity whose mathematical formulation relies on the principle of relativity of motion and doesn’t require aether hypothesis.

Inertial frames preferred above noninertial frames

Although there is no preferred inertial frame under Newtonian mechanics or special relativity, the set of all inertial frames as a group may still be said to be “preferred” over noninertial frames in these theories, since the laws of physics derived for inertial motion only work exactly in this special category of frames.

No preferred frames

In theories that comply with Mach’s principle, even the preference for inertial frames is removed: observations made by observers in nominally “inertial” and “noninertial” frames may seem superficially biased in favour of the inertial observer, but ultimately, a full description of the physics becomes similarly complex in either case.

References

• Einstein: Relativity, the special and the general theories (1954)

In mathematics, the method of characteristics is a technique for solving partial differential equations.

Characteristics of First-Order PDE

For a first-order PDE, the method of characteristics discovers lines (called characteristic lines or characteristics) along which the PDE becomes an ordinary differential equation (ODE). Once the ODE is found, it can be solved along the characteristic lines and transformed into a solution for the original PDE.

Example

As an example, consider the advection equation (this example assumes familiarity with PDE notation, and solutions to basic ODEs).

<math>a \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = 0\,</math>

where <math>a\,</math> is constant and <math>u\,</math> is a function of <math>x\,</math> and <math>t\,</math>. We want to transform this linear first order PDE into an ODE along the appropriate curve; i.e. something of the form

<math> \frac{d}{ds}u(x(s), t(s)) = F(u, x(s), t(s)) </math>,

where <math>(x(s),t(s))\,</math> is a characteristic line. First, we find

<math>\frac{d}{ds}u(x(s), t(s)) = \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} \frac{dx}{ds} + \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} \frac{dt}{ds}</math>

by the chain rule. Now, if we set <math> \frac{dx}{ds} = a</math> and <math>\frac{dt}{ds} = 1</math> we get

<math> a \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} \,</math>

which is the left hand side of the PDE we started with. Thus

<math>\frac{d}{ds}u = a \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = 0</math>

So, along the characteristic line <math>(x(s), t(s))\,</math>, the original PDE becomes the ODE <math>u_s = F(u, x(s), t(s)) = 0\,</math>. Already we can make a very important observation: along the characteristics the solution is constant. Thus, <math>u(x_s, t_s) = u(x_0, 0)\,</math> where <math>(x_s, t_s)\,</math> and <math>(x_0, 0)\,</math> lie on the same characteristic. But we are not done yet, the exact solution awaits. Now we have three ODEs to solve.

• <math>\frac{dt}{ds} = 1</math>, letting <math>t(0)=0\,</math> we know <math>t=s\,</math>,
• <math>\frac{dx}{ds} = a</math>, letting <math>x(0)=x_0\,</math> we know <math>x=as+x_0=at+x_0\,</math>,
• <math>\frac{du}{ds} = 0</math>, letting <math>u(0)=f(x_0)\,</math> we know <math>u(x(t), t)=f(x_0)=f(x-at)\,</math>.

So, we can conclude that the characteristic lines are straight lines with slope <math>a\,</math>, and the value of <math>u\,</math> remains constant along any characteristic line.

Qualitative Analysis of Characteristics

Characteristics are also a powerful tool for gaining qualitative insight into a PDE.

One can use the crossings of the characteristics to find shockwaves. Intuitively, we can think of each characteristic line implying a solution to <math>u\,</math> along itself. Thus, when two characteristics cross two solutions are implied. This causes shockwaves and the solution to <math>u\,</math> becomes a multivalued function. Solving PDEs with this behavior is a very difficult problem and an active area of research.

Characteristics may fail to cover part of the domain of the PDE. This is called a rarefaction, and indicates the solution typically exists only in a weak, i.e. integral equation, sense.

The direction of the characteristic lines indicate the flow of values through the solution, as the example above demonstrates. This kind of knowledge is useful when solving PDEs numerically as it can indicate which finite difference scheme is best for the problem.

External links

• More detailed information on the Method of Characteristics

Bibliography

• Sarra, Scott The Method of Characteristics with applications to Conservation Laws, Journal of Online Mathematics and its Applications, 2003.
• L.C. Evans, Partial Differential Equations, American Mathematical Society, Providence, 1998. ISBN 0-8218-0772-2
• A. D. Polyanin, V. F. Zaitsev, and A. Moussiaux, Handbook of First Order Partial Differential Equations, Taylor & Francis, London, 2002. ISBN 0-415-27267-X
• A. D. Polyanin, Handbook of Linear Partial Differential Equations for Engineers and Scientists, Chapman & Hall/CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2002. ISBN 1-58488-299-9

In the mathematical theory of stochastic processes, a semi-Markov process Z, also known as a Markov renewal process, is associated with and can be constructed from a pair of processes <math>W=(X,Y)</math>, where <math>X</math> is a Markov chain with state space <math>S</math> and transition probability matrix <math>P</math>, whereas <math>Y</math> is a process for which <math>Y(n)</math> depends only on <math>r=X(n-1)</math> and <math>s=X(n)</math>, and whose distribution function is <math>F_{rs}</math>.

The semi-Markov process <math>Z</math> is then the process that chooses its sites (on <math>S</math>) according to <math>X(n)</math>, and that chooses the transition time from <math>X(n-1)</math> to <math>X(n)</math> according to <math>Y(n)</math>.

Since the properties of <math>Y</math> (such as mean transition time) may depend on which site <math>X</math> chooses next, the process <math>Z</math> is in general not a Markov process. Yet, the associated process <math>W(n)=(X(n),Y(n))</math> is a Markov process. Hence the name semi-Markov.

See also

• Markov process
• Stochastic process
• Renewal theory
• Variable-order Markov model

“-eşti” is a widespread Romanian suffix used indicating a placename, being in fact a plural of the possessive suffix “-escu”, formerly used for patronyms and currently widespread for family names. An obsolete form is “-esci” or “-eşci”, being sometimes used before the beginning of the 20th century. Another form sometimes found is “-ăşti”. In some areas in Romania, more than half of the placenames have this suffix.

Overall, this ending is part of the names of 14.8% of the Romanian towns and villages (2,038 out of 13,724) and 11.4% of the Moldovan towns and villages (144 out of 1,254).

Examples

Romania

• Bucureşci, Hunedoara County
• Bucureşti (Bucharest)
• Comăneşti
• Dărăşti, Ilfov County
• Feteşti
• Mărăşeşti
• Moineşti
• Piteşti
• Ploieşti
• Scorniceşti
• Zărneşti

Moldova

• Fârleşti
• Floreşti
• Hânceşti
• Mălăieşti, Transnistria
• Şoldăneşti
• Teleneşti
• Vulcăneşti

See also

• -ovo/-evo, a Slavic suffix

This is a list of Members of the European Parliament for Belgium in the 2004 to 2009 session, ordered by name. See European Parliament Election, 2004 (Belgium) for election results.

B

• Ivo Belet (European People’s Party)
• Frederika Brepoels (European People’s Party)
• Philippe Busquin (Party of European Socialists)

C

• Philip Claeys (Non-Inscrits)

D

• Jean-Luc Dehaene (European People’s Party)
• Véronique de Keyser (Party of European Socialists)
• Gérard Deprez (Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe)
• Mia De Vits (Party of European Socialists)
• Koenraad Dillen (Non-Inscrits)
• Antoine Duquesne (Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe)

E

• Saïd el Khadraoui (Party of European Socialists)

G

• Mathieu Grosch (European People’s Party)

H

• Alain Hutchinson (Party of European Socialists)

J

• Pierre Jonckheer, Ecolo (Greens-EFA)

L

• Raymond Langendries (European People’s Party)
  

N

• Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeck (Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe)

R

• Frédérique Ries (Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe)

S

• Bart Staes, Groen! (Greens-EFA)
• Dirk Sterckx (Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe)

T

• Marc Tarabella (Party of European Socialists)
• Marianne Thyssen (European People’s Party)

V

• Frank Vanhecke (Non-Inscrits)
• Johan Van Hecke (Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe)
• Anne Van Lancker (Party of European Socialists)

Pluit is an administrative village (kelurahan) of Penjaringan, North Jakarta that is predominantly residential. Most of the inhabitants are of Chinese ethnic from Medan who also run many Hokkien restaurants in nearby Muara Karang. Mega Mall is the main shopping mall that has Carrefour as the anchor tenant, cell phone shops, restaurants, cinema, furniture shops, and convention halls.

Luftwaffenhelfer (commonly: Flakhelfer) are terms commonly used for German students deployed as child soldiers during World War II.

The Luftwaffenhelfer (”Luftwaffe support personnel”) program was the implementation of the “Kriegshilfseinsatz der Jugend bei der Luftwaffe” (”Deployment of the youth to support the war effort with the air force”) order issued on January 22nd, 1943.
The order called for drafting whole school classes with male students born in 1926 and 1927 into a military corps, supervised by Hitler Youth and Luftwaffe personnel. The draft was later extended to include the 1928 and 1929 births.
Deployment included ideological indoctrination by the Hitler Youth, military duties and limited continuation of the normal school curriculum, often by the original teachers.

While the official term was “Luftwaffenhelfer (HJ)”, the term more commonly used is “Flakhelfer” (Anti-Aircraft-support). The 1926-1929 births are commonly referred to as the “Flakhelfer-Generation“.

Famous Luftwaffenhelfer

• Pope Benedict XVI
• Hans-Dietrich Genscher
• Jürgen Habermas
• Peter Alexander
• Niklas Luhmann
• Günter Grass

A footstool is a piece of furniture, the purpose of which is to provide comfort to a person seated in, for example, a chair or sofa. It is typically a short, wide, four-legged stool with a padded upholstered top, in fabric, leather or sheepskin. It allows the seated person to rest their feet upon it, supporting their legs at a mostly horizontal level, thus giving rise to use of the term footrest, for this item.

A shorter form of footstool may be used for support when a person’s (usually a child’s) feet do not reach the floor while seated. In this case, the person’s lower legs are not outstretched horizontally; the footstool is simply placed under the feet. A piano footstool used in conjunction with a piano bench does just this.

There appears to be no distinction between the two forms in terms of naming. The main distinction in terms of function is that in the first form, the lower legs are usually held straight (perhaps one crossed over the other) while in the second form, the knees are bent as is expected.

Generally, any object of suitable elevation may be employed as a makeshift footrest. Another seat, a desk, or a table may serve. These options are usually considered inconsiderate since feet, and especially shoes (by their nature) tend to collect more dirt than a person’s working area or pants.

The term footstool may also be applied to shorter stepladders, but this usage isn’t as common. A heavily upholstered footstool of the first described form is called an ottoman. The Streit Slumber Chair featured a two-part footstool having a removable seat high upholstered top which revealed a hidden “slipper-compartment”.

Footstool may also refer to the act of a man resting his feet on his man-slaves.

External links

• Furniture Farm (Sheepskin Footstools)
• Ballard Footstools

The No. 14 chair is the most famous chair made by the Thonet chair company in the 19th century in Middle Europe. It was also known as the Bistro Chair. The unique technology of wood profile bending heated by steam made it one of the best-selling chairs ever designed.

Thonet’s No. 14 is made of six pieces of steam-bent wood, ten screws, and two nuts. It could be taken apart easily so it was similar to flat pack Ikea furniture. It was a response to a requirement for cafe-style chairs. Over 15 million were sold between 1860 and 1930. The seat would often be made out of woven cane/palm|raffia]], because as this was a cafe chair the holes in the chair would let spilt liquid drain off the chair.

Francis Monkman (born 9 June 1949, in Hampstead, North London, England) is a successful English rock, classical and film score composer, whose work includes the soundtrack to the British film, The Long Good Friday.

He was a student at Westminster School where he studied organ and harpsichord, later studying at the Royal College of Music, winning the Raymond Rusel prize for virtuosity on the harpsichord and becoming a member of the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields. In the late 1960s he founded the rock band Curved Air, and in 1977 collaborated with Brian Eno in the project 801.

In the 1980s he resumed classical performances and recordings, but together with guitarist and composer John Williams also worked to form the rock band called Sky.

Cypripedium calceolus is a Lady’s Slipper orchid.

It is a widespread plant worldwide, found from Europe east through Asia to the Pacific Ocean. It is found in open woodland on moist calcareous soils. It has declined over much of the European part of its range, and as a result is legally protected in a number of countries.

In Britain it was formerly a reasonably widespread plant across northern England; however, by the late 20th century, it had declined to just a single population in Yorkshire.

The Norwegian municipality of Snåsa has a Cypripendium calceolus in its coat-of-arms.

Cypripedium calceolus sensu stricto (”in the strict sense”) does no occur in North America. The closely related Cypripedium parviflorum and C. pubescens are often still referred to as subspecies or variety of C. calceolus.

The weak pronouns in Catalan (known in Catalan as “clítics” or “pronoms febles”) are proforms that, as the name indicates, are never emphasized vocally. All are monosyllables, and all must always fall immediately before or after a verb: they cannot be used on their own or attached to a different element of the sentence. The construct of the verb plus the weak pronoun or pronouns that follow always has a single emphasized vowel, that of the verb. The weak pronoun or pronouns that precede a verb form a similar “block” with the word that precedes the verb or with the verb itself.

The weak pronouns in Catalan include pronouns:

• “em”
• “et”
• “es”
• “el”
• “la”
• “els”
• “les”
• “ho”
• “li”
• “ens”
• “us”

And non-nominal proforms, namely:

• “hi”
• “en”

The majority of these weak pronouns may have four different forms, depending on their position in a sentence. Aspects of this issue are discussed in Catalan grammar and in Combination of weak pronouns in Catalan.

• Full form (“forma plena”): This is the canonical form. The weak pronoun consists of a consonant followed by a vowel (some also have an s suffixed to that).
• Reinforced form (“forma reforçada”): The weak pronoun consists of a vowel followed by a consonant (some also have an s suffixed to that).
• Elided form (“forma elidida”): The weak pronoun consists of a consonant followed by an apostrophe.
• Reduced form (“forma reduïda”): The weak pronoun consists of an apostrophe followed by a consonant or consonants (some also have an s suffixed to that).

elidida

Dialectal Variations

Use of weak pronouns varies significantly across the Catalan linguistic area. In addition to the forms listed above, which correspond to normative Catalan, a number of variations are also used which, while for the most part not being part of standard Catalan, are nonetheless considered correct (meaning they are acceptable in formal speech), and are consistently used in their respective linguistic areas.

The following weak pronouns are not present in standard Catalan, although their use is predominant in some relatively large areas:

Northern Catalan (particularly as spoken in North Catalonia) does not generally use the reinforced forms (e.g.: te veig, instead of et veig).

In the imperative mood in Northern Catalan, the reduced form of the pronoun is replaced by a tonic form (thus, not strictly being a weak pronoun anymore). For example, mira’m! (en: look at me!) in Northern Catalan is rendered as mira-mé.

See also

• Combination of weak pronouns in Catalan

Lent term is the name of the spring term at the University of Cambridge, LSE, Lancaster University and the University of Wales, Lampeter in the United Kingdom. It runs from January to March and thus corresponds to Hilary term at Oxford.

See also

• Michaelmas term
• Trinity term
• Easter term

European LC Championships are held every two years in late spring/early summer. The LC Championships are one of the premier swimming competitions in Europe and are Long Course (50 metres). They are run by the Ligue Européenne de Natation (LEN) which is Europe’s main swimming body and competitors can take part in a variety of disciplines – swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, and waterpolo.

Venues so far

• European LC Championships 1926 – Budapest
• European LC Championships 1927 – Bologna
• European LC Championships 1931 – Paris
• European LC Championships 1934 – Magdeburg
• European LC Championships 1938 – London
• European LC Championships 1947 – Monte Carlo
• European LC Championships 1950 – Vienna
• European LC Championships 1954 – Turin
• European LC Championships 1958 – Budapest
• European LC Championships 1962 – Leipzig
• European LC Championships 1966 – Utrecht
• European LC Championships 1970 – Barcelona
• European LC Championships 1974 – Amsterdam, Vienna
• European LC Championships 1977 – Jönköping
• European LC Championships 1981 – Split
• European LC Championships 1983 – Rome
• European LC Championships 1985 – Oslo, Sofia
• European LC Championships 1987 – Strasbourg
• European LC Championships 1989 – Bonn
• European LC Championships 1991 – Athens
• European LC Championships 1993 – Sheffield
• European LC Championships 1995 – Vienna
• European LC Championships 1997 – Seville
• European LC Championships 1999 – Istanbul
• European LC Championships 2000 – Helsinki
• European LC Championships 2002 – Berlin
• European LC Championships 2004 – Madrid
• European LC Championships 2006 – Budapest
• European LC Championships 2008 – Eindhoven

External links

• Ligue Européenne de Natation - Official Website
• Swim Rankings results

Vinyl Coated polyester is a tough mesh fabric coated with molten vinyl (PVC) making it waterproof with a high resistance to dirt, mildew, oil, salt, chemicals and UV. Great strength. Made of top quality materials, will not tear, stretch, crack, rot or mildew. Can be sewn or heat sealed.

Many fabrics such as this are now imported from Korea, Taiwan and other Asian countries. Products made from this material include portable storage covers, cable reel covers, pallet covers and flexible portable containment devices. One such manufacturer is Carolina CoverTech.

This production involves both machines and human workers. In conventional production, products were manufactured in separate areas (each with a responsibility for a different part of the manufacturing process) and many workers would work on their own, as on a production line. In cell production, or cellular manufacturing workers are organized into multi-skilled teams. Each team is responsible for a particular part of the production process including quality control and health and safety. Each cell is made up of several teams who deliver finished items on to the next cell in the production process.
Cell production can lead to efficiency improvements due to increased motivation (team spirit and added responsibility given to cells) and workers sharing their skills and expertise.

The Penguin Cafe Orchestra Mini Album is a short album by Penguin Cafe Orchestra consisting of six pieces, two derived from previous released recordings (”The Penguin Cafe Single” and “Air a Danser”), two that were recorded from a live performance in Tokyo (”Numbers 1-4″ and “Salty Bean Fumble”), and two previously unreleased pieces which had not appeared elsewhere (”The Toy” and “Piano Music”). The two live pieces were recorded by NHK Radio at the Kain Hoken Hall on June 10 1982. “Piano Music” is a solo piece recorded by Simon Jeffes in Tokyo on July 7 1982, and “The Toy” was recorded in 1983. The cover painting was by Emily Young.

Track listing

1. “The Penguin Cafe Single”
2. “Air a Danser”
3. “The Toy”
4. “Numbers 1-4″
5. “Salty Bean Fumble”
6. “Piano Music”

The Kent Applicative Operating System is a functional operating system concept to use dynamic process creation and inter-process communication.

The system is based on earlier work by Will R. Stoye. The system allow dynamic creation of functional processes. Processes are stream processors, functions that transform an ingoing to an outgoing stream. Process scheduling is based on evaluation on demand. Inter-process communication is, by message passing, based on Stoye’s sorting office concept.

The Creation Science Association (CSA) is described on its website as “a non-denominational, independent, non-profit, educational and research corporation whose members are concerned about the widespread false teaching called ‘evolution’”.http://www.csama.org/CSA-INFO.HTM Its members claim the widespread acceptance of this evolution has resulted in physical harm, lawlessness in our society and the deprivation of a relationship with their creator for countless people. The CSA believes that the Bible is the divinely inspired written word of God and is the supreme authority in all matters of faith and conduct.

Though claiming to be a “research corporation”, the CSA has thus far not submitted any articles for publication by a peer reviewed scientific journal.

External links

• CSA Home Page

References and sources

• New Scientist 22 April 2000 accessed 29 July 2007 (subscription required; reposted at Skeptictank)
• Boston Globe 1 May 2005 , accessed 29 July 2007
• Washington Post 12 August 1999, accessed 29 July 2007
• MSNBC 8 Nov 2005, accessed 29 July 2007

In anatomy, a styloid process (from Greek stylos, “pillar”), usually serving as points of attachment for muscles, refers to the slender, pointed process (protrusion) of :

• temporal bone of the skull - Styloid process (temporal)
• radius bone of the lower arm - Styloid process (radius)
• ulna bone of the lower arm - Styloid process (ulna)

“The Styloid Process” is also the title of the literary and visual arts journal at Emory University School of Medicine. It is published online at http://www.students.emory.edu/thestyloidprocess/.

The American Inventors Protection Act (AIPA) is a United States federal law enacted on November 29, 1999 as Public Law 106-113. In 2002, the Intellectual Property and High Technology Technical Amendments Act of 2002, Public Law 107-273, amended AIPA.

AIPA contains significant changes to American Patent Law. AIPA added American Inventor’s Protection Act of 1999

• An “earlier invention” defense for business method patents - 35 U.S.C. §273;
• Publication of US patent applications for foreign published applications - 35 U.S.C. §122;
• Patent term restoration for delays caused by the Patent and Trademark Office - 35 U.S.C. §154; and
• The Request for Continued Examination (RCE) patent prosecution procedure.
• Disclosure requirements for Invention promotion firms

See also

• Patent Reform Act of 2005
• The American Inventor’s Protection Act: A Legislative History, Wake Forest Intellectual Property Law Journal

References

Alomancy (from Greek halo, ’salt’, and manteia, divination), also called Adromancy, ydromancie, idromancie, and halomancy, is an ancient form of divination. Similar to many other forms of divination, the diviner casts salt crystals into the air and interprets the patterns as it falls to the ground or travels through the air. The diviner can also interpret patterns formed from the residue of a salt solution as it evaporates in the bowl. The exact interpretations are unknown, but it probably follows a similar method to aleuromancy.

Salt itself is often intertwined with luck and some of this ancient tradition can be seen in the superstitions, such as perceived misfortune when the salt cellar is overturned and the custom of throwing salt over the left shoulder for good luck.

One form of Alomancy consists of the casting of salt into a fire, which is considered a type of Pyromancy.

Michael Walsh is the name of:

• Michael Walsh (Musician, Bassist in hardcore band ‘The Bears and The Wizard.’
• Michael Walsh (footballer), English football (soccer) player
• Michael Walsh (Northern Irish footballer), Northern Irish footballer (soccer) player of Tobermore United
• Michael Walsh (author, screenwriter), American music critic, author and screenwriter
• Michael Walsh (Kilkenny hurler), former goalkeeper on the Kilkenny senior hurling team
• Michael Walsh (Waterford hurler), current captain of the Waterford senior hurling team
• Michael Walsh (New York) (1810-1859), U.S. Representative from New York

Aquarium furniture refers to the various ornaments and functional items in an aquarium.

Ornamental aquarium furniture is often kitsch: popular examples include ceramic mermaids, ’sunken’ ships and castles, and the ever-popular (but curiously misplaced) “No Fishing” sign. Another strange piece of decor is the ubiquitous plastic corals found often in freshwater tanks.

Examples of functional aquarium furniture would include devices for removing algae from the glass (either a razor or a scouring pad, attached to the glass by a magnet), airstones, water filters, water heaters, and food dispensers.

Aquarium furniture may also refer to an item of (regular) furniture that features an aquarium in its design. A stand or cabinet that supports the aquarium may be considered aquarium furniture. Also, many home reef aquariums canopies containing metal halide lights. The canopies are often constructed to the same standards as high quality cabinetry

See also

Live rock
coral
Reef tank

Sheraton is a late 18th century neoclassical English furniture style, in vogue ca 1785 - 1800, that was coined by 19th century collectors and dealers to credit furniture designer Thomas Sheraton, born in Stockton-on-Tees, England in 1751 and whose books, “The Cabinet Dictionary” (1803) of engraved designs and the “Cabinet Maker’s & Upholsterer’s Drawing Book” (1791) of furniture patterns exmeplify this style. The Sheraton style was inspired by the Louis XVI style and features round tapered legs, fluting and most notably contrasting veneer inlays. Sheraton style furniture takes lightweight rectilinear forms, using satinwood, mahogany and tulipwood, sycamore and rosewood for inlaid decorations, though painted finishes and brass fittings are also to be found. Swags, husks, flutings, festoons, and rams’ heads are amongst the common motifs applied to pieces of this style.

Without pedantic archaeology, it brought the Neo-Classical taste of architects like Robert Adam within reach of the middle class. In many respects Sheraton style corresponds with the contemporary directoire style of France. The Sheraton style was the most reproduced style in the United States during the Federal period.

Aquarium furniture refers to the various ornaments and functional items in an aquarium.

Ornamental aquarium furniture is often kitsch: popular examples include ceramic mermaids, ’sunken’ ships and castles, and the ever-popular (but curiously misplaced) “No Fishing” sign. Another strange piece of decor is the ubiquitous plastic corals found often in freshwater tanks.

Examples of functional aquarium furniture would include devices for removing algae from the glass (either a razor or a scouring pad, attached to the glass by a magnet), airstones, water filters, water heaters, and food dispensers.

Aquarium furniture may also refer to an item of (regular) furniture that features an aquarium in its design. A stand or cabinet that supports the aquarium may be considered aquarium furniture. Also, many home reef aquariums canopies containing metal halide lights. The canopies are often constructed to the same standards as high quality cabinetry

See also

Live rock
coral
Reef tank

Schröder is a German surname which has been held by many notable people including:

• Ernst Schröder, German logician and mathematician.
• Gerhard Schröder (CDU) (1910-1989), German politician
• Gerhard Schröder (SPD) (b. 1944), former German chancellor
• Friedrich Schröder (1910-1972), Swiss-German composer
• Friedrich Ludwig Schröder (1744-1816), German actor
• Friedrich Wilhelm Karl August Schröder^(*) (1841-1902), German mathematician
• Jaap Schröder, violinist
• Jan Schröder, musician
• Rainer M. Schröder, German novelist
• Richard Schröder (1838 - 1917), German jurist.
• Rudolf Alexander Schröder (1878 - 1962), German poet
• Sophie Schröder (1781-1868), German actress
• Wilfried Schröder, scientist
• Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient (1804 - 1860), German soprano

See also

• Schroeder

In Australian politics, a casual vacancy is caused when a member of either house (the Senate or the House of Representatives):

• dies
• resigns mid-term The term “resign” is not to be confused with “retire”. A resignation is a voluntary decision by a parliamentarian to end their term early, at a time of their own choosing. A retirement is an involuntary act whereby the sitting member chooses to see out their current term but not to contest the next general election, whenever it is held. The choice of the date of that election is not within the control of the member, but of the government., or
• is expelled from Parliament and their seat declared vacant. There has only ever been one such case, that of Hugh Mahon, who was expelled from the House of Representatives in 1920.

Casual vacancies are handled in different manners depending on the house concerned.

Senate

Casual Senate vacancies in the representation of the States

Section 15 of the Australian Constitution requires the parliament of the state that the senator represented to choose a replacement. In the event that the state parliament is not in session, the Governor of the state (acting on the advice of the relevant Premier) may choose the replacement.

Prior to 1977 it was an established convention, but not a constitutional requirement, that the state parliament choose a replacement from the same political party as their predecessor. It had also been the practice for the relevant party to provide a list of suitable names to the state premier, and for the state parliament to make the choice. In 1975, both these conventions were breached, and in the former case, twice.

In early February 1975, Lionel Murphy (Australian Labor Party, New South Wales) resigned from the Senate to take up an appointment as a judge of the High Court. On 27 February, the NSW Liberal Premier Tom Lewis appointed Cleaver Bunton, a former long-serving Mayor of Albury, who was not affiliated with any political party. Bunton sat as an independent senator.

On 30 June 1975, the Queensland Labor Senator Bertie Milliner died suddenly. The Labor Party gave only one replacement name to the Country Party Queensland Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen - that of Mal Colston. However, on 3 September, on Bjelke-Petersen’s instigation, the Parliament of Queensland appointed Albert Field to the vacancy. Although he had been a member of the Labor Party for 30 years, Field was now only nominally a member of the party and was openly critical of the Labor government of Gough Whitlam. He was expelled from the party as a result of accepting the appointment. Field took his seat in the Senate, but the Labor Party challenged his appointment in the High Court due to doubts as to his eligibility, and he was on leave from the Senate from 1 October for the remainder of his short-lived term “The Field Affair”.

In 1977, the Constitution was changed by referendum to require future Senate casual vacancies to be filled by a member of the same party as the senator vacating the seat.

Casual Senate vacancies in the representation of the Territories

Currently, when a Senate seat representing the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) or the Northern Territory (NT) becomes vacant, the replacement senator is chosen by the relevant territory legislature, under s.44 of the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 [1]. This occurred for the first time on 18 February 2003, when Gary Humphries was chosen by the ACT Legislative Assembly to replace Margaret Reid, who had resigned from the Senate on 14 February p. 8815.

Previously, territory casual Senate vacancies were handled in a different way and were the subject of a different law: s.9 of the Senate (Representation of Territories) Act 1973, as amended by the Senate (Representation of Territories) Amendment Act 1980. Under this provision, the replacement senator was elected by a joint sitting of both houses of the Federal Parliament. This only ever occurred twice:

• when Margaret Reid was elected on 5 May 1981 to replace the deceased ACT Senator John Knight [2]
• when Bob McMullan was elected on 16 February 1988 to replace former ACT Senator Susan Ryan, who had resigned. Rules for Joint Sittings: footnote, p.3, [3]

This provision would still be used to fill a casual vacancy in the representation of any external territory (in the event that such a territory ever gains representation).

House of Representatives

Casual vacancies in the House of Representatives are filled by by-election. The government chooses the date of the by-election, and advises the Speaker to issue the appropriate writ.

When a general election is expected within a relatively short time, it has often been the practice not to hold a by-election. This has been justified on the grounds that: (a) the electors of the seat in question should not be burdened with voting twice within a short period of time, when their views are hardly likely to change significantly in that time; and (b) the cost of holding a by-election is high, and it is ultimately the taxpayers who bear this.

Notes

The Deputy President of South Africa acts as President of South Africa when the President is outside the country’s borders, unable to fulfill the duties of the office, or when the Presidency is vacant. The Deputy President is also a member of the National Assembly and the Cabinet. The Deputy President is constitutionally required to ‘assist the President in the execution of the functions of government,’ and may be assigned any government portfolio by presidential proclamation. The current Deputy President of South Africa is Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka. She is the first woman to hold the office or an equivalent one in the current Republic of South Africa or any of its previous carnations.

Inception and expiry of term

The Deputy President’s term of office is not fixed by law. The Deputy President’s term begins when he or she is appointed by the President from amongst members of the National Assembly and takes a prescribed oath.

The Deputy President’s term is ended by one of four constitutional mechanisms: dismissal by the President, a successful ‘motion of no confidence in the President’ by the National Assembly, a successful ‘motion of no confidence excluding the President’ by the National Assembly, or a newly-elected President’s assumption of office. Presumably, a statement of resignation would also be sufficient to end a Deputy President’s term of office.

List of Deputy Presidents of South Africa, 1994–present

• Mr F.W. de Klerk and Mr Thabo Mbeki jointly: 1994–1996
• Mr Thabo Mbeki: 1996–1999
• Mr Jacob Zuma: 1999–2005
• Mrs Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka: 2005–

See also

• President of South Africa
• Vice State President of South Africa

Heavy String production is a type of hip-hop beat making strategy featuring original composition, live strings or keys, live drums, live bass lines, and minimal use of samples. Heavy String production is recorded live using studio instruments such as the Akai MPC (Music Production Center for drums), the Roland Fantom-X, Yamaha Motif, or Korg Triton (studio keyboards and pianos for keys/strings), and the Korg MS-2000 or Minimoog (studio bass synthesizers for bass lines).

Rigatoni is a form of tube-shaped pasta. It is larger than penne and ziti. Rigatoni is usually ridged and the tube’s end does not terminate at an angle, like penne’s does.

Rigatoni can be coupled with many different sauces, from creamy to chunky. Consequently, rigatoni is a popular choice for restaurants which choose to stock only one tube-shaped pasta noodle. The tube may be stuffed with cheese or other soft foods.

The word rigatoni comes from the Italian past participle of rigare, which means “to draw a line” (American Heritage Dictionary).

References

• Pasta shapes
• American Heritage Dictionary definition

The Broma process is a method used to remove cocoa butter from cacao beans. In about 1865 Domingo Ghirardelli discovered that by hanging a bag of ground cacao beans in a warm room, the cocoa butter would drip off, leaving behind a residue that can then be converted into ground cocoa. This technique is now a common method for the production of cocoa and chocolate in the United States.

More cocoa butter is extracted by using the Broma process than using a hydraulic press, making it easier to dissolve into liquids. Broma process cocoa also has a more intense taste than Dutch process cocoa, as no alkalis are added to the cocoa.

Source: http://www.ghirardelli.com/about/history.aspx

Sezai Karakoc (b. 1933) is a Turkish poet. He graduated from the Faculty of Political Science at Ankara University and worked in the finance sector for many years. He is one of the pioneers of Turkish literature who aims at bridging traditional Islamic beliefs and modern poetic techniques.

He sees three essential elements for a poet. These three elements he calls Peer Gynt’s triangle, according to Karakoc, exists in Henrik Ibsen’s play, Peer Gynt. These three elements are: Poet must be himself. To be himself a poet must transform. Second element: a poet must be self content. Poet must love his art while being transformed by it. Thirdly, to be self-content, one must feel joy. This joy comes not from living but from letting live.

Bibliography

• Korfez (Gulf/1959)
• Sesler (Voices/1968)
• Zamana Adanmis Sozler (Words Dedicated to Time/1970)
• Ayinler (Religious Services/1977)

References

Table Tennis in the Paralympics follow the rules set by the International Table Tennis Federation although there are slight modifications for wheelchair athletes. Athletes from all disability groups can take part. Athletes receive classifications between 1-10. Class 1-5 are for those with in wheelchairs and class 6-10 for those who have disabilities that allow them to play standing. Within those groups the higher classification means the more function the athlete has. The only rule difference that occurs is the serve must cross the back of the table before it crosses the sides of the table.

Palliser Furniture Ltd. was established in 1944. Abram Albert DeFehr, a Russian born immigrant to Canada, began making simple wooden pieces in the basement of his Winnipeg home. Palliser’s first furniture factory began a few years later in an old chicken barn.

Today, Palliser is one of Canada’s leading home furniture manufacturers. It employs over 2000 people and has manufacturing facilities in Canada, US, Mexico, and outsources some manufacturing to Thailand and China.

It is headquartered in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

Recently Palliser Furniture has been split into several smaller companies, each specializing in one sector of the furniture industry due to market demands and in-family corporate restructuring. These fractions are owned primarily by the grandchildren of A.A. DeFehr. Palliser Furniture (and its subsidiary companies) is owned primarily by Art DeFehr.

[1] Palliser website

Platinum Hits 2000 is a 2000 popular music compilation album, released by Columbia Records, and contains all 17 tracks.

Track listing

1. Say My Name (Maurice’s 2000 Bass Mix) - Destiny’s Child
2. Maria (Spanglish Radio Edit) - Ricky Martin
   
3. Doo Wop (That Thing) (Radio Edit) - Lauryn Hill
4. Freakin’ It - Will Smith
5. You Sang To Me (Radio Edit) (Remix) - Marc Anthony
6. Fortunate (The Naked Uncut Remix) - Maxwell
7. I Wanna Love You Forever (Soul Solution Radio Edit) - Jessica Simpson
8. Crash and Burn (Radio Edit) - Savage Garden
9. Bring It All to Me (Main Version) - Blaque
10. Bounce With Me - Lil’ Bow Wow
11. Let’s Get Married - Jagged Edge
12. Shackles (Praise You) - Mary Mary
13. Don’t Call Me Baby (Original Mix) - Madison Avenue
14. A Pura Dolor (Version Balada) - Son By 4
15. Lullaby - Shawn Mullins
16. I Think God Can Explain - Splender
17. Don’t Give Up (Original Radio Edit) - Chicane (feat. Bryan Adams)

Aino Aalto (born Aino Marsio; 1894-1949) was a Finnish architect and designer. She married Alvar Aalto in 1924 and with him designed furniture. In 1935 they founded Artek, a firm selling lighting fixtures and furniture.

Aino Aalto also designed several glassware objects for Iittala. Her most famous glass design is still on sale, and slightly different copies made by companies such as IKEA are widespread. She also collaborated with her husband Alvar on the design of the celebrated Savoy Vase in 1936.

Wright’s Opera House, sometimes referred to as Wright’s Hall, was constructed in 1888 and is located on Main Street in Ouray, Colorado. For many years after the mining bust and subsequent end of performances it was used as a mulit-use building for presentations and community events. Around the year 2000 it was converted into a movie theater which operated until late 2006. Currently it sits empty, awaiting a buyer.

This structure has been placed on the United States National Register of Historic Places.

External links

• Ouray Historical Society

The Wildcat Cafe is a popular summer restaurant in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. It is a vintage log cabin structure and represents the mining camp style of early year Yellowknife. The structure is a City of Yellowknife Heritage Building, designated in 1992. The cafe first opened in 1937 by owners Willie Wylie and Smokey Stout. Subsequent owners were Carl Jensen and Mah Gow, Yellowknife’s first recorded Chinese resident. The cafe closed in 1951 when business dropped off considerably, likely due to the expansion of businesses in the new sections of town. The building was saved from demolition in the late 1950s when a small group of Yellowknifers fought to have it protected as some kind of museum. It was renovated in the mid 1970s and reopened as a functional restaurant in 1979. The Old Stope Association, a non-profit heritage society, has been responsible for its operation since the 1970s.

It is one of Yellowknife’s best tourist attractions.

The St. Lucia Jazz Festival is an annual internationally-known event which takes place on the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia. The Event brings together international as well as local musicians. The Jazz Festival not only features jazz music but also R&B and calypso. The event has attracted such artists as Herbie Hancock, Courtney Pine, Ocacia,Branford Marsalis, En Vogue, George Benson, Santana, Ladysmith Black Mambazo, The Isley Brothers, UB40, Mary J. Blige, Lauryn Hill, Luther Vandross, Smokey Robinson, American Idol winner Fantasia Barrino and Malcolm-Jamal Warner.

History

The first St. Lucia Jazz Festival was held in 1991 as an initiative to extend the tourist season in Saint Lucia into May which had previously been a relatively quiet period.

Originally 4 locations were used; however today the festival has expanded and several locations around the island are used to host performances (see list below).

At first, the festival attendances were small. But as the years passed, word spread helped by coverage on the BET J television network, and it is now a well-established fixture on the Jazz festival calendar.

Over the past few years the Saint Lucia Jazz Festival has developed a reputation for the quality of the artistes it attracts and now ranks #1 on the list on the E! entertainment top 5 Festivals in the world.

In 2001 the St Lucia Jazz Festival celebrated its 10th anniversary which was a rare achievement as several other Jazz festivals established in the Caribbean region had failed.

Locations

Venues used to host performances include Pigeon Point National Reserve, Derek Walcott Square in central Castries (”Jazz on the Square”), The Great House, Fond D’or Estate, Vieux Fort Square, Rudy John Beach Park, Balenbouche, Soufrière Waterfront, La Place Carenage, Mindoo Phillip Park, Royal St. Lucian Hotel, Rodney Bay Marina and Gaiety on Rodney Bay.

External link

• Official Site of the St.Lucia Jazz Festival,

Michael Johnson or Mike Johnson may refer to:

• Michael Johnson (singer) (born 1944)
• Mike Johnson (guitarist) (born 1952)
• Mike Johnson (bassist) (born 1965)
• Michael Johnson (athlete) (born 1967), multiple Olympic and World Championship winner
• Michael Johnson (politician) (born 1970)
• Michael Johnson (footballer born 1973)
• Mike Johnson (ice hockey) (born 1974)
• Mike Johnson (baseball) (born 1975)
• Michael Johnson (drummer) (born 1982)
• Michael Johnson (Australian rules footballer) (born 1984)
• Michael Johnson (footballer born 1988)
• Mike Johnson (American football), former NFL player for the Cleveland Browns
• Mike Johnson (animator), co-director of Corpse Bride
• Mike Johnson (technologist)
• Mike Johnson (paralympic athlete)
• Mike Johnson (The Real World)
• Michael Johnson (bowls)
• Michael Johnson (ODNI)

Michael Johnson may also be used for:

• Crispus Attucks, a sailor who used the alias Michael Johnson

Merlin Holland (born 1945, London) is a biographer and editor. He is the son of the author Vyvyan Holland and his second wife, the former Thelma Besant, and the only grandson of Oscar Wilde.

He has studied and researched Wilde’s life for the last twenty years. He is the co-editor of The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde, and the editor of Irish Peacock and Scarlet Marquess, the first uncensored publication of his grandfather’s 1895 trials. Holland is also the author of The Real Trial of Oscar Wilde, a study of the Wilde-Queensberry scandal.

Holland has also written “The Wilde Album”, a book about how the scandal caused by Wilde’s trials affected his family, most notably his wife, Constance, and their children, Cyril and Vyvyan. In 2006, his book Oscar Wilde: A Life in Letters was published, and his forthcoming volume Coffee with Oscar Wilde is to be released in autumn 2007.

His son, Lucian Holland, is the only great-grandchild of Oscar Wilde. Merlin Holland lives in Saint Martin sur Montague in Burgundy, France with his partner Emma. Lucian lives in Oxford, England and despite having studied classics at Magdalen College, is a computer programmer. Both were present at the unveiling of a statue commemorating their famous ancestor. Lucian was given rooms in Magdalen College which Wilde had once occupied.

References

• Holland, Vyvyan: Son of Oscar Wilde. Revised Edition. Merlin Holland, Ed. London, Carroll & Graf, 1999

edit, also known as MS-DOS Editor, is a text editor which comes with MS-DOS (since version 5) and Microsoft Windows. Originally (up to MS-DOS 6.22) it was just a short stub that started QBasic in editor mode. Since DOS 7 (Windows 95) QBasic was removed and the MS-DOS Editor became a standalone program. Although it kept the COM file extension for compatibility, it is actually an EXE.

edit.com is sometimes used as a substitute for Notepad on Windows 9x, where Notepad is limited to small files only. edit.com can edit files that are up to 65,279 lines and up to approximately 5MB in size (MS-DOS versions are limited to approximately 300–400KB, depending on how much conventional memory is free). edit can be launched by typing it into the RUN box on Windows, and by typing edit into the command line interface (usually cmd.exe).

Features

• Can edit up to 9 files at a time (Windows 9x versions only, DOS versions are limited to a single file at a time). The screen can be split vertically into 2 windows, each of which can display a different file.
• Customizable color scheme
• Files can be opened in “binary mode”, where a fixed number of characters are displayed per line, and newlines are treated as any other character.
• UNIX newlines are converted to DOS newlines.
• text user interface
• Mouse support

Some of these features were added only in 1995 (version 2.0), with the release of Windows 95.

Limitations

• Outside of binary mode, tabs get converted to spaces, and UNIX newlines are converted to DOS newlines.
• Does not support Unicode.
• DOS versions (for MS-DOS 6.22 and older) lack proper support for binary files, multiple files and are limited to using only the first 640KB of RAM, like any other MS-DOS real mode program.
• Does not directly support USB printers, this can be fixed by adding it as a network printer though.

See also

• List of DOS commands

Quantum field theory in curved spacetimes is an extension of standard quantum field theory to curved spacetimes. A general prediction of this theory is that particles can be created in strong gravitational fields.

Thanks to the equivalence principle the quantization procedure closely resembles that of Minkowski spacetime once the proper formalism is chosen; however, interesting new phenomena occur. In general, on curved spacetimes quantum fields lose their interpretation as particles. Only in certain situations, such as in asymptotically flat spacetimes, can the notion of particle be recovered. Even then, the particle interpretation depends on the observer (ie, different observers may measure different numbers of particles on a given spacetime). The prediction that gravitational fields can create particles is partly due to this ambiguity.

Probably the most striking application of the theory of quantum fields in curved spacetime is Hawking’s prediction that black holes radiate with a thermal spectrum. A related prediction is the Unruh effect: accelerated observers in the vacuum measure a thermal bath of particles.

This formalism is also used to predict the primordial density perturbation spectrum arising from cosmic inflation. Since this spectrum is measured by a variety of cosmological measurements — such as the CMB — if inflation is correct this particular prediction of the theory has already been verified.

The theory of quantum field theory in curved spacetime can be considered as a first approximation of the inaccessible theory of quantum gravity. A second step towards that theory would be semiclassical gravity, which would include the influence of particles created by a strong gravitational field on the spacetime (which is still considered classical).

Suggested reading

• R.M. Wald. Quantum field theory in curved space-time and black hole thermodynamics. Chicago U. (1995).
• S.A. Fulling. Aspects of quantum field theory in curved space-time. CUP (1989).
• N.D. Birrell & P.C.W. Davies. Quantum fields in curved space. CUP (1982).
• L. H. Ford Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime (1997).

A production team (Chinese:生産隊; pinyin:shēng chǎn duì) was formerly the basic accounting and farm production unit in the people’s commune system in People’s Republic of China from 1958 to 1984. Production teams were largely disbanded during the agricultural reforms of 1982-1985. In the administrative hierarchy, the team was the lowest level, the next higher levels being the production brigade and people’s commune. Typically the team owned most of the land and was responsible for income distribution. Since 1984 production teams have been replaced by Village groups.

The Movement for National Reform (Arabic: el-Islah) is a moderate Islamist political party in Algeria. It received 9.5% of the vote in the 2002 elections and received 43 members of parliament.

The party was created as a breakout faction from the Ennahda movement, after that party opted for cooperation with Algeria’s government. Party leader Abdallah Djaballah then left to found and lead the more radically oppositional el-Islah.

At the 2007 elections, the party was badly defeated. It received only 3 seats.

Steaming is a method of cooking using steam.

Steaming is a preferred cooking method for health conscious individuals because no cooking oil is needed, thus resulting in a lower fat content. Steaming also results in a more nutritious food than boiling because fewer nutrients are destroyed or leached away into the water (which is usually discarded). It is also easier to avoid burning food when steaming.

Steaming works by first boiling water, causing it to evaporate into steam; the steam then carries heat to the food, thus cooking the food.

In western cooking, steaming is most often used to cook vegetables, and only rarely to cook meats. By contrast, vegetables are seldom steamed in Chinese cuisine; vegetables are mostly stir fried or blanched instead.

In Chinese cooking, steaming is used to cook many meat dishes, for example, steamed whole fish, steamed pork spare ribs, steamed ground pork or beef patties, steamed chicken, steamed goose etc.
Other than meat dishes, many Chinese rice and wheat foods are steamed too. Examples include buns, Chinese steamed cakes etc. Steamed meat dishes (except some dim sum) are less common in Chinese restaurants than in traditional home cooking because meats usually require longer cooking time to steam than to stir fry.

See also

• Double steaming
• Cooking
• Braising

The American Inventors Protection Act (AIPA) is a United States federal law enacted on November 29, 1999 as Public Law 106-113. In 2002, the Intellectual Property and High Technology Technical Amendments Act of 2002, Public Law 107-273, amended AIPA.

AIPA contains significant changes to American Patent Law. AIPA added American Inventor’s Protection Act of 1999

• An “earlier invention” defense for business method patents - 35 U.S.C. §273;
• Publication of US patent applications for foreign published applications - 35 U.S.C. §122;
• Patent term restoration for delays caused by the Patent and Trademark Office - 35 U.S.C. §154; and
• The Request for Continued Examination (RCE) patent prosecution procedure.
• Disclosure requirements for Invention promotion firms

See also

• Patent Reform Act of 2005
• The American Inventor’s Protection Act: A Legislative History, Wake Forest Intellectual Property Law Journal

References

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10^-23 m and 10^-22 m (10 ym and 100 ym).

Distances shorter than 10 ym

• 10 ym till 100 yoctometres range

Distances longer than 100 ym

See also

• Yoctometre
• Orders of magnitude (length)

References

• http://www.webelements.com

Mundus was the name of a furniture-manufacturing company, active (at least) in several places in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, at the end of the 19th century and early 20th century.

Factories seem to have existed in multiple locations, as the products carry diverse labels, such as “Budapest”, “Borlova”, “Czechoslovakia”, etc. Some of the furniture was co-signed with “Jacob and Josef Kohn”.

In 1914 Mundus merged with J. & J. Kohn, and in 1922 with Gebrüder Thonet.

External links

• The story of bentwood
• A history of J&J Kohn